How Admiral Horatio Nelson Ended Up Dead in a Barrel of Brandy

Naval legend Admiral Nelson died on October 21st, 1805 shortly after being shot by a French sniper while standing on the deck his ship, Victory. Following the British victory at the Battle of Trafalgar, the survivors of the conflict were left with a dilemma -- how could they preserve Nelson's body long enough for the corpse to receive an appropriate burial back home?

Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.com

See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Episode Transcript

Speaker 1 (00:23):
Well, here we are again, friends and neighbors. It is
a Friday afternoon here in the studio. We are off
to adventures historical and contemporary. Uh. And this weekend we
may be tapping the Admiral on a sampling a bit
of Nelson's blood. Yeah, I'm definitely gonna do that, like
immediately after we record this. Uh. And I don't mean

(00:47):
getting vampiric right up in the pub right. This is
this is a little bit different. Yeah, tapping the Admiral
is not poking uh, military official right right. It's also
known it's a phrase from the Royal Navy. It's also
called bleeding the monkey or sucking the monkey, which I
think are both kind of weird. Yeah. I did not

(01:09):
come across the hose Ben, which is your name and
your knowles. It is true, and we're joined with our
super producer, Casey Pegrum. Casey and I have had a
very very very scant amount of sleep. So if there
are any inaccuracies or weirdness in today's episode, that's on

(01:32):
me and NOL. Thank you in advance. I hope your
back doesn't hurt after carrying us through this one. Man.
You know, I love it when you're a little punchy,
whether it be from emerging from crazy jet lag or
dare I say, still in the throes of it, or
being a little sleep deprived. I always find you a
fun and punchy character. Thanks man, Thanks, I appreciate it.
And likewise, of course, uh, tapping the admiral? What what

(01:55):
does that mean? What's that referred to? It is when
you drink liquor or any kind of fermented beverage directly
from the cask using a straw. Yes, that's it, And
that's also what they what they're referring to when the
members of the Royal Navy say bleeding the monkey or
sucking the monkey, which still seems woefully inadequate in comparison

(02:19):
to tapping the admiral. That sounds classy, even though drinking
straight up liquor from a barrel through a straws maybe
not the classiest thing. It seems, dare we say, slightly barbaric.
But that's life at sea, you know. Oh my goodness, boy,
will you get a load of some some life at sea,
some harrowing life at sea in this particular story. So um,

(02:41):
why don't we start from the beginning? Yes, the introduce
our main character, the admiral in question. Yes, there is
a specific admiral to whom the British Royal Navy is
referring and as Admiral Horatio Nelson and Admiral Horatio Nelson
is a pretty large drew the life figure, right, Yeah,

(03:02):
larger than life legacy wise. But in terms of his stature,
I think he was under six ft tall. Yes, yes
he was not. He was not NBA status right. Uh.
He eventually became the first Viscount Nelson and the first
Duke of Bronte. He was born on the twenty nine

(03:22):
September seventeen fifty eight in Norfolk, England. He was the
sixth of eleven children. See I feel like that matters,
I really do. Some of the greatest men and women
in history have been part of big families because they
have to figure out how to like scrap and uh,
you know, carry their own weight, you know, among all
of the competition, whether they're vying for their parents affection

(03:46):
or just like learning how to do stuff right right,
or there in some cases fighting for food, which was
not Nelson's situation. As far as we don't know, we
don't think so either. Um, at the age of twenty.
By the age of twenty he already had had command
of his own ship, which was the Albemarle Um, and
he became a very important figure um during the outbreak

(04:10):
of the French Revolution in seventeen ninety two. Yep, it's
absolutely true. Now this guy had been this guy hit
the high seas by the age of twelve, so by
the age of twenty he this was not his first
maritime ROADEO. No, you're right, but still by at twenty,
that's a pretty big responsibility. Like you said, he joined

(04:30):
the Merchant Marines Um and that was during the fight
against the Americans during the War of Independence. Yeah, and
uh he he even took part in a failed scientific
expedition to the Arctic. He was living life, you know.
But you're bringing us toward a pivotal point in his

(04:50):
life because it was during his twenties, during these French
revolutionary wars, that he began to exhibit tactical talent, a
knack for uh command. He was considered remarkable and a genius.
And in sevente on Valentine's Day, which was yesterday, right,

(05:15):
he uh, he had his huge crowning achievement at the
Battle of St. Vincent. How did that go down? Yeah,
he really exhibited some ability to think outside the box
militarily when he decided that he would break line with
the actual commander of the British fleet, which sounds to
me a little bit like disobeying orders or subordination. And

(05:38):
apparently if they would have lost this particular battle, he
would have gotten his wrist lapped or you know, dare
I say, been putting the stockades, he would have been
booted out, he would have been court martials. But instead
it proved to be his crowning achievement, like you said,
or at least one of his early claims to fame. Um.
So what ended up happening was he he saved the

(05:59):
British from defeat um at the hands of the Spanish,
who had them licked in terms of number, in terms
of sheer volume of troops. Would you call them troops
when they're at sea? There not really troops that c
are there. They're more their sailors, I guess the enemy.
It's also weird how whenever you hear in historical account

(06:23):
that refers to a group of actual human beings is
just the French or the Spanish. It sounds like they're
way more insidious than they actually are. It's true. So
instead of that court martial that he was just cruising for,
he got knighted. Yes he did, he did, and he
continued on this upward trajectory career wise, he did not

(06:48):
have a perfect record, and he did not escape unscathed.
He was wounded in July sevente in a grizzly turn. Yes, yes, uh,
the that you'll hear it phrased. For instance, in a
great article we read on history Collection dot co by
Alexander Mettings, a whiff of grape shot shredded his arm,

(07:11):
shredded him, and most of what was left of it
had to be amputated to prevent infection from spreading and
grape shot. For anyone who doesn't do we talk about
what this is? I think we did. I mean, it's
sort of the equivalent of like buckshot, but it's like
steel balls like that that spread out and just literally
rip into everything a viscerate flesh and bone. Right, yeah, yeah, yeah.

(07:34):
It's a number of small iron balls fire all together
at once. You shoot that from a canon, not like
a musket or something, right, yeah, exactly, exactly, And when
they're assembled, they look like a cluster of grapes. Very
very nasty ammunition. So get this. This is I think
this is cool. After he had his right arm cut off,

(07:55):
he kept issuing commands while he was on the surgery bed.
And and keep in mind, in the late seventeen hundred,
surgeries very very dangerous. Yeah, and another important player in
this in the story is in fact, his surgeon, who
will come into the picture when we get into the
kind of the main focus of the story. Absolutely. Yeah. Yeah, So,
like you said, he had the arm amputated, he survive,

(08:16):
which was incredibly rare in any kind of amputation, and
he got into stand up pretty much as a result
of this. Yeah, he made some good banter on the
on the surgery bed. And also, uh had a nice
little pet name for what was left of his of
his arm. Yes, he called it his fin. And it's adorable,
it's weird. It's definitely military humor, and it's also nautical humor.

(08:39):
And it's also nautical humor. Yeah, that's what I'm saying.
I think that if he had not pursued military fame,
you know, maybe he could have gotten into the stand
up circuit. Yeah, you know, got got a little bit
of a running start into that field, because I don't
think he really picked up steam until like the you know,
the Catskills kind of era. Right, Well, there were jesters,
that's true, but this he was doing more bits though

(09:01):
he was doing right. This is way before vaudeville. And
if you would like to learn more about vaudeville and
you haven't checked it out yet, do listen to our
two part episode on the history of stand up with
our pal Wayne Federman. Yeah, and please don't hold it
against us that for the first whole half of the
first episode, my mic is not on. It was saved.
It it gets saved. It did get saved. It's just

(09:21):
it's not our It isn't it's not our best represented now,
it's definitely not. But it's such a good episode that
we had to push it out there. I really recommend
you giving that one to listen. So, despite the sad,
tragic misstep of not going immediately into comedy, Nelson did
try to make something of his life. He in sevent

(09:41):
Just a year later, he held the rank of rear admiral.
He scuppered Napoleon's navy. I'm sorry, scuppered he's scuppered, which
is is um deliberately sinking a ship kind of like scuttling.
But is it scuttling or you deliberately sink your own ship?
Is there a difference? I know, there's a lot of
very specific like foundering or two. Founder is when a

(10:03):
ship is filling with water and sinking. So he scuppered,
they foundered. He scuppered, they foundered, and ultimately the ships
were scuttled. Yes, we got there. Oh my gosh. Oh,
if you're in the navy, please feel free to write
to us about this. We we wanted to learn. But
these are great words. So this victory of his stranded

(10:30):
the French in Egypt. This was the first step in
establishing the British Empire's dominance of the seas. And this
also made Nelson, by the way, uh freaking hero. He
was straight seahorse teeth as far as the rest of
the country was concerned. Yeah, because I mean he put
himself in harm's way. He was there, like out there,

(10:53):
putting himself in harm's way with the troops side by side,
not like commanding from some bunker or something like that.
Like he was right there and then he survived. So
like I said, because of the fact that you typically
would die in agony from some horrible infection. This probably
instilled people with this sense of him as being some
kind of indestructible superman. I'm editorializing here a bit, but

(11:16):
that's that's what it seems like to me. Sure man. Yeah,
he was the Mohammad Ali of the seas, you know
what I mean. People thought that he could do no wrong.
People thought he was a national hero in he pretty
much was. So let's fast forward through his career and
let's go to the Battle of Trafalgar on October one,

(11:38):
eighteen o five. And this is when things take a
turn for the worst. Yeah, because you can't outrun the
Reaper forever, especially when you're like in a live fire
zone with terrifying stuff like grape shot flying everywhere. Um. So,
the Battle of Trafalgar was between the French and the Spanish,

(12:00):
and when I say between, I mean the English were
like between them. They were in the mix there, right,
And it was a huge naval victory for the British
because it completely if they owned the seas before they
had complete dominance and obliterated Napoleon's desire and any future
hope that he had of controlling these waterways, the English Channel, right,

(12:24):
and there was going there will there would be no
Napoleonic invasion of Britain after the Battle of Trafalgar right right,
and the Spanish are still in the mix. As we said,
the outnumber the British with thirty three ships to Britain's
twenty seven. But Nelson was going to use his tactical
prowess to outspart the Spanish. Essentially, so instead of putting

(12:49):
his ships in a line, just making them all sailed
together in a line, he ordered them to form two
perpendicular columns that cut through the enemies line because they
had just a straight line at two crucial points in
the center. And here's where he got. He started styling
on it, as we would say in the early two thousands.

(13:11):
Wait quick slang check casey. Do you remember when people
would say styling on it? Absolutely? What was that in
the early two thousands, Yeah, maybe even earlier. It's I
don't know that one. Seems like it's been around for
a long time. No sense of time, Okay, yeah, I
don't either. It could be from you know, six months ago.
I have no idea. Maybe it was from the early
eighteen hundreds. Maybe he said I'm gonna style on him.

(13:33):
I'm just thinking of the subtitle from Barry Lyndon. Um
by what means Redmond Barry acquired the style entitle of
Barry Lyndon. So he was styling was back in the
eighteenth century. So that reminds me of people being able
to be styled as something like his Royal Highness and
so on. So maybe there is a precedent to that,

(13:55):
casey on the case indeed, indeed, so this is what
he does. That's we could count his styling on on people. Uh,
he's on the deck. Nelson is on the deck of
the ship, and he does not remove his insignia, his
indicators of office. And when you don't remove your indicators

(14:17):
of office and you're standing on a ship deck, it's
like you got a big old target painted on your back,
a metal shaped target or an array of tiny metal
shaped targets that if you were a sharpshooter on one
of the enemy ships, that's who you would shoot for,
because it's like, you know, it would bring it would
drive the troops into disarray and chaos. It would create chaos, right,
because that's the person who's calling the plays. You put

(14:40):
an end to that, dude, and then everyone else just
kind of goes running and they don't know what to do.
There's no order. So it's ballsy, it's cut spuff. It's like, hey,
come at me the Spanish, right, It's that's exactly right.
So he knew this was a possibility, but he stayed
on deck with a guy named Captain Hardy, and he

(15:01):
was he was trying to instill bravery and his men.
He was yelling at them, you know, don't worry about
all the blood around you. Fight, fight with me, Fight
for Britain. And around one pm in that afternoon, the
battle started around noon. Around one pm that afternoon, this
Captain Hardy guy looks around and he sees that Admiral

(15:24):
Nelson has indeed been fired upon. A musket ball has
passed through his shoulder and lodged in his spine. And
this is when the Admiral gasp and famously says, they
have I had and they succeeded. I am dead. I
am dead. I am dead, before being carried below decks

(15:46):
back to the surgeon's quarters. Yeah, and the surgeon was
a brilliant man, as discussed before, by the name of
William Beaty, who Um they had him ferried below deck. Uh,
and realized that I'll hope was was pretty much lost.
He I don't know was he did he die? Was
he dead on arrival when they when they found him,
when he got to him, or did you think he

(16:07):
died a little bit below deck? Uh? He died a
little bit below deck, his last words being thank God,
I have done my duty to cold and my country. Yeah. Uh.
So he died, you know, with no regrets regarding his
actions because he he felt that, from what we can surmise,

(16:29):
he felt that the same rules that he applied to
the people under his command applied to him as well.
So if I'm gonna send you to die, then I'm
dancing with the reaper myself. And that's so rare. Like
if we think about we're talking to get back to Kubrick.
You know what case he was talking about. The movie
Paths of Glory is all about these commanders making these

(16:50):
life or death choices from their posh you know, villas,
and with no real sense of what's going on on
the ground. So in these days, um, when was at
case even was passing. That's World War One that's World
War One, and they're making the decisions basically to give themselves,
you know, earned rank in the military rank, and that's
I don't know, like I'm not not to throw any

(17:11):
military leads unto the bus. That's that's certainly not how
all of them are. But that sometimes the impression that
I get of some of the high level commanders. And
this guy was not that way at all. He was
right there in the trenches with his men and he
literally took one for the team. He did, indeed. And
so there ends the life of Horatio Nelson, first Viscount Nelson.

(17:36):
He dies on the twenty one of October eight you five,
aged forty seven, at the Battle of Trafalgar, and really,
not to be all bait and switchy, this is where
the ridiculous part of today's episode begins because the late
admiral's men, who by the way, adored this guy, we're

(17:57):
trying to figure out how they take him back to
Britain for the burial that they felt he deserved. You
gotta remember, I mean they were far from home and
sea travel is not quick. I mean it was they
were like a two months journey or something like that,
back to back to Britain. Yeah, two months journey away. Uh.
The fleet was almost crippled because of the damage they

(18:21):
had taken during the conflict. And then that's when this surgeon,
Irish will William Beady, h that's when he has his
own light bulb, bullman, he really does. Um. One thing
they do have that acts as a as a damn
fine preservative is alcohol. What they had were some barrels
of brandy, and so Beady had the idea that they

(18:45):
could stick this diminutive man um, who was thankfully not
a very very tall man. They were able to shove
him into this peril of brandy. And they added a
few extra things to maybe make him smell nice, I guess,
like camphor and else ben mirror, mirror, you know, like
frankinstance and course and of course, and then they sealed

(19:06):
him up in there to prepare for the long journey home. Yep.
And it was a slow crawl because of the terrible
shape of the ships. And it wasn't a perfect solution.
This this surgeon had a brilliant innovative solution, but it
was not perfect because as the body decayed over the

(19:27):
course of the two month voyage, he caused a build
up of pressure within the vat and then from like
gases and stuff being emitted from the body corpse parts. Yes,
and it caused the lid of the barrel to pop. Uh.
That scared the hell out of some people. In one case,
there's a report that a sailor was sitting near the

(19:49):
barrel thought that yeah, Nelson had risen. Yeah, surely, stinking drunk, right,
stinking drunk, zombie admiral walking the decks of of this
ramshackled ship. That's that's a pretty pretty spooky image right there. Yeah,

(20:09):
and here's where we find a strange legend about this journey.
So they do eventually reach Gibraltar, right, and the surgeon says, Okay,
we're gonna transfer this guy to an actual coffin. After
this point, rumors started circling scuttle butt hearsay, and the

(20:31):
rumors said that the sailors aboard his ship, the HMS Victory,
had been drinking from this barrel of brandy, tapping the admiral, yes,
literally tapping the admiral, putting little straws in the cask
and just taking a little nip um for the entire
length of the journey. And this meant that again according

(20:53):
to the rumors, that by the time they arrived at Gibraltar,
they had the entire barrel of brandy. Now, ben surely
that would have caused some upset stocks, right, one would imagine.
I mean, that just does not seem very sanitaria at all.
We have to wonder there are so many, um, there's

(21:16):
so many different spirits that are distilled with other dead
bodies in them, like spirits with snakes in the bottles
or mice. I guess, um, tequila worms. I think a
worm is less agreed. I think that's true. But I
don't you know, we're we're not brilliant Irish surgeons yet,

(21:41):
so we can't speak to the safety of drinking corpse brandy.
But we can say that's it's a weird flex. I
would call that a weird flex. So what what happens next?
Gig gig they get his body back? Reports circulate in
the British press, Uh that Admiral Nelson has died. Um

(22:05):
and it is a national tragedy because not only did
his men love him, he was, like you said, a
national hero, war hero and just you know, considered to
be the bravest of the brave, and many tears were shed,
including the tears of the reigning monarch at the time. Yeah,
and just like we had discussed in an earlier episode

(22:28):
with Christopher haciotis about George Washington. Almost immediately after news
of Nelson's death as official people begin building his legend,
you know what I mean, Because of the way his
body was initially transported, his legend uh spreads into the
world of drinking culture. Navy Rum becomes known as Nelson's blood,

(22:53):
even though they were they put him in brandy And
did you see that? Was that was one of the
differences to always like a significant difference. I did so.
Once the victory actually gets back to Britain. As I
said earlier, the news of Horatio's demise, Um was pretty
much out there, and one of the first ships to

(23:16):
get there was called the h MS Pickle, which is
which is really adorable. It's an adorable It's an adorable
name for it for a ship. I like it very much. So. Yeah,
then George the third Um you know, in the throes
of of sadness, Um was quoted in saying that they
had lost more than they had gained. Um. And and

(23:36):
by the way, on that ship. I think they had
a hundred two casualties the British did overall at Trafalgar
and then nine people survived. Back to William Batty's credit,
he amputated the arms or the limbs of eleven men
and nine of them survived, So his acumen as a
surgeon was unimpeachable, which is, by the way, that is

(23:59):
a fantastic stick ratio for this time, almost unbelievably. So, yeah,
it's it's true the pickle. The pickle reached Britain before
Nelson's pickled body did. I do want to point out
for any popular musicians in the audience today that the
Pickles name was originally the HMS Sting. So if you

(24:22):
were a musician who happens to go by the name Sting,
you're listening to our show and you're thinking, what's my
new brand name? You know, what's my new change? Pickle? Pickle, Pickles,
just pickle, just pickle. That's really cute. I'm into that.
That's a great rock star name because it's bold, because
it's so cute sounding, and you get the flavor and

(24:42):
promote synesthesia when you say it. You know, it's funny. Um,
what happens if you have a cut on your finger
and you spill pickle juice. One, what does it do? Stings? Stings'
oh man, all the pieces are coming together. That's a
really good point. So so it was a little bit
of a tangent there, but it's advice to you if

(25:05):
you're listening sting. And as you said, Noel George the
third is beside himself. He's lachrymose. And when the body
finally arrives, William Beatty, the faithful surgeon, performs an autopsy,
takes that musket ball out of the guy's body. He's

(25:25):
been transferred to a second lead lin coffin, and then
he's finally moved to a wooden casket, and on January nine,
eighteen o six, at St. Paul's Cathedral in London, his
funeral is held and uh fun fact, the musketball in
question is actually mounted in like a hinged locket kind

(25:46):
of situation with a piece of golden rope um that
I believe was from one of Admiral Nelson's uniforms. But
I'm not quite sure if if I see that here
and it's part of the Royal collection us, so I'm
not sure, I'm not seeing if you can actually get
a look at it, if it's any kind of museum,
but it definitely exists. Um. But yeah, our crestfallen monarch um,

(26:09):
you know, says we will spare no expense for the
funeral of this great man, right boy, George three makes
the call, and this funeral ends up costing around in
modern terms one point two million US dollars. But they
would say that's money well spent. And now we have

(26:31):
a little bit of liquor science here. We talked about
Navy rum, which had its own reputation, but then we
also mentioned that Nelson's body was kept in brandy and
ethanol technically, which at the time was called spirit of wine.
That all goes down to the surgeon William, because Irish Will.

(26:52):
I've just decided to call him Irish Will. I know
a guy that I call Irish Will. He is Irish,
by the way, and he's fine with the name. Yeah, yeah,
that sounds good. I'm okay with this nickname. Okay, great
so Irish Will the surgeon he knows that if he
wants the body to have the best chance of surviving
this grueling two month journey, he should try to use

(27:13):
the liquor on board that has the strongest alcohol proof,
the highest alcohol content. Right, but if that didn't work,
it was politically safer for him to use navy rum
because get this, folks, At this time, it was commonly known,
not just by members of the Navy, but by members

(27:34):
of the regular public that the best way to preserve
a body at sea was in navy rum. They didn't
use navy rum though, right, No, they used brandy, okay,
but so they not have any They had both, but
he figured that the higher alcohol content one would do
the job better. Yeah, the brandy and ethanol um. And also,

(27:55):
imagine we have to empathize with him a little bit. Uh,
imagine what a huge response onsibility it is. If that
guy's body had been lost at sea, or if he,
as the surgeon, had done something that was seen as disrespectful,
or if he had been seen as kind of dropping

(28:16):
the ball on this, it would have been very, very
bad for his reputation and his career. So he was
he was motivated to do his level best, and people
asked him at times, why didn't you use rum instead
of brandy? And numerous reports at the time said that
he did use rum, because of course he did. Everyone assumed,

(28:38):
you know, that's what you use. And that's how navy
rum came to be called Nelson's blood. That's how people
came to call drinking liquor from a cask tapping the admiral. Oh,
I guess first side note, we do have a quote
where uh beady and what seven finally gets sick of

(28:58):
everybody knee telling him about this brandy versus rum thing.
A very generally but erroneous opinion was found to prevail
on the victories of rival in England that rum preserves
the dead body from decay much longer and more perfectly
than any other spirit, and ought therefore to have been used.
But the fact is quite the reverse, for there are

(29:20):
several kinds of spirits much better for that purpose than rum,
and as their appropriateness in this respect arises from their
degree and strength, on which alone their antiseptic quality depends.
Brandy is superior spirit of wine, however, is certainly by
far the best when it can be procured. And that

(29:41):
is a very well read quote us from Babies Book
authentic narrative of the death of Lord Nelson. Just then, I,
being like his claim to fame anyway, he wrote a
whole book about it. He you know, this was like
something that he gained some notoriety for for a good reason.
I mean, he was Johnny on the Spot with pickle
in the body. He was so good at his job

(30:01):
as a surgeon. I think he's the real star of
the show here amputating limbs left and right. But ultimately
Beatty lost his fight for accuracy because people love this
rum idea so much that they just went with it.
And that's why, despite uh Nelson never being pickled and rum,
people started calling this stuff Nelson's blood. And that's why

(30:23):
to this day there's still pubs across England called the
Lord Nelson. That's right, and I believe I've I've heard
of a few of those. Um here's a little tidbit
to um end the show with. On January seventeen seven,
Bees sold um something called a grog chest, a very small,

(30:43):
um velvet lined plush chest that contained it was like
his liquor kit. Basically, it had glasses, flasks and um,
you know, containers that were used to hold grog, which
would have been a particular type of alcoholic beverage that
sailors are known for drinking. There's a lot of tiki

(31:04):
drinks that are tai that are called grogs oh man,
And speaking of tiki drinks, speaking of grog in general,
it might be time for the three of us to
call it a day. Thank you so much for journeying
with us through the life and death of Lord Horatio Nelson.

(31:25):
We also want to mention, on an unrelated note, there's
an excellent article in Smithsonian called Lord Nelson, Hero and
Chad by Michael Ryan. We didn't have time for it today.
Why was he a cat? He's a cat man. There
was a in two thousand four people discovered letters that
darkened his honor. Cliff, hang us with that man. We've

(31:48):
been building this guy up as some kind of giant
among men, and all of a sudden he's gonna impeach
his his his pristine reputation posthumously. That's hurt that's hurtful, man,
tapping the app that we'll have to all right, we'll
have to leave the dark legacy of Admiral Horatio Nelson
for another day. He's just not the best us. That's fair. Well, okay,
that's you know, often great men aren't That's true. It's

(32:12):
that's not not giving him a pass. But this has
been a fun one and um interesting story for sure.
And uh, I don't know you want to be pickled
in brandy when you go, no man, I'm I'm a
shot in the space kind of guy. Shot in the
specie is very expensive, Ben I'm really waiting for the
price to break, so I've been taking care of myself
to that part, so we want to see. Thanks to

(32:34):
our super producer, Casey Pegram, Thanks of course to Gabe,
our research associate. Thanks to Alex Williams who composed our theme.
Thanks to you, Benjamin Bowling, my sleepy, sleepy co host
and dear friend. I'm looking forward to tapping the Admiral
with you shortly and thanks to you knowljaman Brown, I

(32:55):
look forward to that as well. This ends today's episode,
but not our show. Please tune in next time when
we explore these strange tale of heavy Water and operation
while Operation Freshman, but also Operation gun Runner. What are
we talking about? Until you next time,