February 14, 2019 • 48 mins
It’s Valentine’s Day again, which summons images of mythic Cupid and his bow. But we often forget that Cupid has TWO arrows in his quiver: the golden arrow of desire and the leaden arrow of aversion. In this episode of Stuff to Blow Your Mind, Robert Lamb and Joe McCormick discuss the mythic lead-slinger and the nature of his gray metal.
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Speaker 1 (00:01):
They're from his quiver full of shafts, two arrows? Did
he take of sundry works? To one causes love? The
other doth H's slake. That causes love is all of
gold with point, full, sharp and bright. That chase is
love is blunt who steal with leaden head? Is Dight.
(00:26):
Welcome to Stuff to Blow your Mind from how Stuff
Works dot Com. Hey you welcome to Stuff to Blow
your mind. My name is Robert Lamb and I'm Joe McCormick.
And so obviously we're talking about Cupid today. That's right,
it's Valentine's Day? Is it? Yes? Is it actually Valentine's Yes,
(00:48):
actual Valentine's Day. Okay, Yeah, so we figured what we
gotta we gotta do some sort of Valentine's episode. We
had the the episode where we talked to Tomorrow Heart previously,
but this is the day itself Towers of Ale sex. Yeah,
so it seemed proper to get a little mythological here
as we kick off this episode, and to turn to
that mythological figure that got of romantic love, Cupid, the
(01:12):
creepy smooth baby who shoots arrows with heart tips. Yes,
now that the reading at the top of the episode
was was ovid that was from the Metamorphosis the Golden Translation,
So that was how you get words like dit Yeah,
which means clothed or equipped. I had to look that
one up. Yeah, it might be not be completely clear,
(01:33):
but what Ovid is basically saying is, hey, Cupid has
two different arrows that he may pull from his quiver.
You often forget this, or maybe he never even learned
it in the first place. Well, right, if you're just
going off of cheesy Valentine staate cards, you just think
of that cartoon baby, and like you said, the arrows
have just kind of a goofy cartoon heart at the end,
and cupids launch and those at people and making them
(01:56):
falling cartoon love with people. Yeah, well, you tend to
not think cupids arrows literally being an arrow that strikes
with force and penetrates the flesh. I guess we're to
understand it that way, at least the ancients did. Like
there's this poem by Anna Creon that Robert and I
were talking about before the episode, where it's not actually
that great of a poem. I don't know if it's
(02:16):
worth reading, but it makes this joke about cupid gets
stung by a bee and he starts crying, and his mother,
I guess this would be Aphrodite or Venus maybe comes
to him and is trying to console him and says, uh,
you know, you're crying about being stung by a bee,
but you shoot people with arrows all the time. That
must hurt more shot through the heart. Um. Yeah, And
(02:37):
so he so he has two different arrows that he
he chooses from when he decides to nail somebody. One
of these arrows, as the as Ovid says, is tipped
in gold with a sharp point and bright right, and
so that's the that's the love arrow, that is the
the romantic love arrow. But then he has this leaden
(02:57):
arrow which it sounds like it's it's probably not an
arrowhead composed entirely of lad for reasons will explain, but
it is at least coded or tipped in lead somehow well.
And it also says that as blunt, meaning I assume
it is not meant to penetrate, but maybe strikes more
like a like a beanbag gun. Yeah, like just to
brain you with this dense leaden arrowhead. Yeah, just to
(03:22):
just smack you hard. And then it Also it imparts aversion,
so like it hits you and now you you want
to you want to not be around somebody. I guess right.
This seems that this seems to be the most popular
interpretation of the leaden arrows power though I was looking around, uh,
and I did see at least one description saying that
the leaden arrow had to do with set with sensual passion.
(03:44):
But I don't think that's the predominant interpretation. It's certainly
not the one that we're going to spend much time
with here today. Consensual passion. There are other gods for that. Uh.
You know, Cupid's domain is more about that that that
that romantic passion, the arrows or the philos or I
lose track of what love is what in Greek philodo? Um. Yeah,
(04:08):
we'll be we'll be getting into the Greek and Roman
stuff shortly, but yes, we're gonna be talking about Cupid.
And I do I do encourage everyone to maybe put
aside the more cherubic interpretations of of Cupid as we
discuss this figure, because we have to remember he is
a god. Um. He is capable of of of wrecking
(04:30):
people's lives with his mischief and he's not always depicted
as a as a baby. He's he's often he's usually
depicted as youthful, certainly, and that may be a male
youth or a boy. He's very often and you know,
depicted naked or nearly so. And sometimes he's blindfolded as well.
I think it's blind right, Oh yeah, I didn't think
(04:52):
of that. Well, I I think he's often depicted as
a baby just because if he were an adult, he
would be a horrifying, gross creep. Right. Well, they're still
there's still always room to find Cupid creepy for sure.
All right, Well who is Cupid? Where do you come from?
In the pantheon and the mythology? Okay, so Cupid is
the Roman variant of the Greek god Arrows, the prime
(05:14):
evil god of love, a son of chaos, though in
later traditions he has depicted as a son of Aphrodite,
who is the Roman Venus, whose goddess of sexual love
and beauty. And as far as the father goes, it's
all across the board. They're very different tellings. Sometimes it's Zeus,
sometimes it's it's Aries. There's at least one version where
(05:36):
it's It's It seems like it's Vulcan, the god of
the forage. But in but then a lot of stories
have it have hermes as the father, who of course
is the Roman Mercury. So it's a real Mari show. Yes, yeah,
you can very much imagine that there being a lot
of drama around this. But he's a god of passion
and love but also a fertility to a certain extent.
(05:59):
As now, in Roman traditions, Cupid is largely described as
a son of Venus and Mercury, combining their roles into
that of a divine messenger of love. Okay, so Mercury
is the messenger, Aphrodite is love. So he brings you
the love signals, the he's he's the radar love god. Yeah,
don't you So you can't really hate the messenger, right,
(06:20):
I guess that's part of the story here as well.
Now he's often depicted as this kind of cherubic creature
like we describe, but also sometimes is more of a
you know, in an androgynous, youthful figure, sometimes clad in
armor because I guess love is also a battlefield and
he's sometimes a mischief maker other times a generous patron
(06:41):
of love. His targets include both mortals and other gods.
And uh as always, the versions of the myth very
with the teller and the time. But we certainly want
to to tell the major Cupid story. Well, tell me
the story, Robert, all right. So his mother again is Venus,
and Venus has is subject to bouts of jealousy pretty
(07:03):
much like all of them, the major gods and the pantheon, right,
and so she one day she has had enough of
this beautiful mortal by the name of Psyche. She's just
too too lovely. She's so lovely that other mortals are
afraid to approach her. And in Venus isn't having it.
She tasks her son Cupid, and says, go to this woman,
(07:25):
shoot her with a golden arrow of love, and then
make her fall in love with the first thing she sees,
because that's the power of the arrow in this in
this interpretation of it. And she adds, make sure that
the next thing she sees is the most hideous creature imaginable.
I don't care what it is, usual imagination. She falls
in love with the font Papyrus. That would have been good, um,
(07:48):
so Cupid. Cupid goes down to Earth to do this,
but he can't quite bring himself to finish the task,
though he was certainly okay with the plan enough to
trick her parents into a band, dinning her on a
desolate hilltop so that she could wed a monster, but
as far as actually yeah, because she's taken. The Psyche
has taken to this hill and here you go. Sorry,
(08:10):
the gods wants you to marry a monster. It's gonna happen.
See you later, because you know you do what do
what the gods say, or suffer. But then he can't
actually shoot her with the arrow, so instead he pricks
himself with the golden arrow and then gazes upon Psyche,
falls in love with her, and so he takes her away,
sets her up in a protected place like a palace,
somewhere where he can visit her safely, but only in darkness.
(08:35):
And then but then one night she cast light upon
him and she learns his identity, spilling wax on him
in the process, and he flees. So Psyche is distraught.
She's she's in love with this this god, this beautiful
young god boy, so she searches for him, and finally
Venus agrees to hand him over, but only if she
(08:55):
completes a series of trials. Oh yeah, never a good
sign in a myth, right, you get the feeling that
a lot of these trials might be tricks. Yes, and
indeed they are. Uh. The the exact trials can vary
with the telling, but uh, this is the basic roll
out here. First of all, she has to sort a
massive pile of seeds in a single night, and uh,
(09:18):
fortunately some ants help her. Oh that's a great variation
on all the tweety birds and scugs in the snow
White story. You know they'll come in and help with
the chores. Now it's ants, and who knows, maybe Spider's
pitch in a bit. Well. The next task is that
she has to fetch the golden wool from a like
a monstrous sheep, like a kind of sheep that disembowels
(09:39):
anyone who gets near it, and a swarm of cockroaches
assist her. No, actually, a river god helps her out
um and helps her acquire the wolf. So she turns
that in. But then she has to venture into the
underworld and acquire a drop of the Queen of the
Underworld's beauty. Oh yeah, so uh cupid, it seems ends
up sort of cluing her in sends her some signals
(10:00):
because going to the underworld isn't easy, right, yeah, it's
it's a dangerous proposition. So Cupid clues her in you know,
secret messages, letting her know, make sure you bring coins
for torone and treats for service, important things to bring along.
So she does this. She wins that drop, brings it
back in a golden box, and brings it to the surface.
(10:23):
She's on her way to deliver it to Venus, but
then she decides, well, I'm gonna steal a little bit
of that beauty from the box for myself, and then
she discovers the boxes full of sleep. Sleep comes over her,
Cupid comes to her way and wakes her up, gives
her the nectar of the gods and makes her a
god as well the embodiment of the soul, and she
later gives birth to Pleasure. That's a heck of a story.
(10:44):
Oh yeah, there are various treatments of the story. The
various you know, additional stories such as Beauty and the
Beast take this basic structure and then uh, you know,
employ it in a slightly different manner. But yeah, that's
the major Cupid narrative. But there's also a fun one
that employs his arrows in an interesting way in which
both of them this time, both of them as he
(11:06):
messes with the god Apollo. So Apollo is a powerful
god and he's he's he's lusting after the nymph Daphne.
And while he's in the midst of this, he taunts
Cupid's archery ability. He says, you're not much of an archer,
are you, And so it's always good to taunt people
holding ranged weapons. Well, again, the gods are vain and
(11:28):
you know, kind of and it's in vengeful and but
also kind of stupid at times. So what Cupid does
is he shoots Apollo with a golden arrow that makes him,
of course, you know, lust like crazy after Daphney. But
then he shoots Daphne with a leaden arrow, ensuring that
she wants nothing to do with exactly. In fact, she
runs away to her father, who also happens to be
(11:49):
a river god, and has him turned her into a
tree so that Apollo will leave her alone. And then
Cupid you know, goes off and laughs about the whole affair. Now, wait,
after the us, is Apollo still in love with the
tree or not? It really depends on the user agreement
with you on the golden arrow? How does the gold
narrow magic work? Can you transform the essence of the
(12:11):
target of the affection? And does that? Can'tcel the spell?
Or do you have to roll a D twenty to
find out? I don't know. And then we are the
effects on God's Is that a little different than an
effect on immortal Who can say? Now you might think, okay,
Cupid sounds like he makes some enemies here and there.
Who's his greatest rival? Is there like a safety god
(12:31):
who's always trying to take his arrows away? No? No, no,
it's none other than the great God Pan. What one
of our favorites. Yeah, In one corner we have the
flighty arrow shooting Cherubic, son of of of Venus, U,
the Lord of Love. And in the other corner we
have the wild rutting he goat, king of fornication, Uh,
(12:53):
surrounded by nymphs prancing through the forest. And so it's
divine love versus earthly love, and spoiler alert, Cupid often
comes out on top. In fact, there are some there
are paintings that depict Cupid kind of wrestling Pan to
the ground. Could you also say that this is like
city love versus country love. I guess you could. Yeah,
(13:14):
like Pan was sort of envisioned as the representative of
the I don't know, the the amorous affairs of like
shepherds and country people. Yeah, it is kind of country
love versus you know, the divine love of Mount Olympus. Here.
On the other hand, when you look up artistic interpretations
of Pan, he is often wrestling or doing something like wrestling,
(13:35):
so it's it's hard to say he's definitely on the
losing end of the scenario here. The Pan's a rascal. Yea. Now,
in terms of other treatments of of Cupid, you know,
we're not going to go through, you know, all the
the echoes in popular culture. I did notice just the
most dignified one. Yes, I did notice that there is
(13:57):
a There is a Cupid in at DC comics that's
kind of a feisty redhead and it's a it's a female.
It's like a cohort of the green arrow. Is she
a got us or just a human named Cupid? I
think she's just a human who shoots arrows at people.
It's not a thor situation. I don't think so. If
any comic book fans out there that want to, um,
(14:18):
you know, clue us in on this. We'd love to
hear more. But I think she just shoots arrows at
people and tries to kill them, you know. Independent of
you coming up with this lead, Robert, I immediately was googling, like,
cupid horror movie? Is there one? I came across something,
only to discover that you'd already given it a little
right up here. Yes, two thousand and one slasher film
(14:41):
titled Valentine. Now have you seen this before? No? I
looked up a couple of scenes on YouTube. One actually
had kind of a cool set with like somebody's like
walking through a maze made out of TV screens or
something that. Yeah, I kind of like that, but otherwise
it looks so stupid. And it has the ultimate like
(15:02):
two thousand one smart Face cast where it's got David
Boreanaz and Denise Richards. It's like the cast of Starship Troopers.
It also has a has a two thousand and one
alternative rock album, like the most two thousand and one
alternative rock album, Imaginable. Yeah that the soundtrack is, um,
does it have what down with the sickness? It doesn't
(15:25):
have that particular track, but Disturbed is present and h
and yeah, you can pretty much extrapolate from there what
else is on the soundtrack. But it does have this
killer stalking around, this slasher character with a Cupid mask,
and there is one scene at least where he kills
somebody with arrows, and that's the sequence you're you're talking
about with all the TVs. So yeah, as far as
(15:47):
slasher films we're seeing, it's been too long since I've
seen it to really give it a firm recommendation. But
as far as slasher films worth looking up the kills
on YouTube, I give it a give it a thumbs up.
But in this movie, if unless I'm mistaken, no gold
arrows and lead blunt arrows right right, I think he
just has normal killing arrows because he's ultimately not an
(16:09):
actual god. That would have been a fun twist. Though.
They don't get deep into the resonances of the mythology, no,
because if there's a lot there you could really go
go nuts with. For instance, the fact that Cupid is
often depicted riding around on dolphins or even sometimes just
on sea monsters. That's odd. Yeah, and uh, you know,
you know we mentioned Beauty and the Beast already, but
(16:30):
I should throw out there even though I haven't read it,
and I don't know why I haven't read it, because
I read a whole lot of C. S. Lewis at
one point in my life. But C. S. Lewis retells
the story of of Cupid and Psyche in the nine
novel Till We Have Faces. I've never read that either,
but that sounds maybe worth check now. So again, we
could keep going on Cupid, we could keep talking about
(16:52):
various mythological treatments, different versions of the stories. Um. But basically,
what we want to drive home here is that, first
of all, he has these two arrows. He has the
leaden arrow and the golden arrow, and these are the
powers associated. And we also just want to drive home
that he's he is more than just this ridiculous cartoon baby.
(17:12):
Now he's an epic creep cartoon baby who wrestles goat
men and rides on seam monsters. Indeed, he is so
On that note, we're going to take a quick break
and when we come back, we are going to discuss
the leaden Arrow of Cupid. We're going to get into
what ancient people knew of lead, how they used lead,
what they thought about its properties, And then of course
(17:34):
we'll well, we'll we'll dive a little bit into the
periodic table and discuss exactly what lad is. Thank thank you,
all right, we're back. So, Robert, we have already told
the story of Cupid as especially as described in Ovid's Metamorphoses. Uh,
And in the story of these two different arrows, he's
got the gold arrow, which imparts love, makes people fancy
(17:55):
one another, and the lead arrow, which is blunt and
maybe seems to cause a version, at least in some
tellings of the story. Right, Like if if you were
hit with the lead arrow and somebody passed you a
note in in in high school and said will you
go out with me? Yes and no, you would add
a third box that said I would rather my father
turned me into a tree. Yeah, your head would just explode,
(18:16):
like in Scanners. Yes, Well, other than the general association
of gold being thought of as good, is there anything
any reason we can think of why these particular metals
are picked to have the magical significance they do in
the arrows in the myth? Well, yeah, exactly what we
with gold? Obviously, gold is beautiful and humans have thought
(18:36):
it's beautiful for ages, and we've been perfectly happy to
squabble over it and kill each other over it. So
it seems the perfect substance to sum up the appeal
and then sometimes the dangers of love. Plus knowing what
we know now, this was an element that was likely
produced in the collisions of of neutron stars long before
the formation of the Earth, which is amazing to consider.
(18:59):
By the way, I mean us to contemplate this for
a moment. Uh, you know, it was once thought that
most of the universe's heavy elements, like elements heavier than iron,
were created in supernovas, which is when a massive star
at the end of its life cycle collapses on itself
and then explodes, and supernovas can create some heavy elements.
But some scientists have argued for a while that there
(19:20):
are too many heavy elements that the proportion of them
that we find in the universe is too high to
be accounted for by what's possible from supernovas alone. So
in recent years there have been some cool experiments that
have shown that the collision of neutron stars, like you say,
could be the alternative. For example, I was looking at
there was a study published in and the Astrophysical Journal
(19:42):
by Coat at All that looked at data from a
neutron star merger and I love that's the technology they use,
like two companies like mergers and acquisitions. What they should
have used the language of love, because we are creating
a substance that will one day be used by the
out of love, right it is it should be neutron
star copulation, yes, neutron starter course, but anyway, that this
(20:09):
collision was between eighty five and a hundred and sixty
million light years away, and the researchers calculated that this
one event, these two neutron stars colliding, produced between one
and five earth masses of an element called europium and
between three and thirteen earth masses of gold earth masses
of gold. So just think about a solid gold Earth
(20:33):
and then between three and thirteen of them, and then
it just like spits a bunch of this out into
the universe to get bound up with other gases and
stuff like that and eventually end up in maybe say
a planetary accretion disk, where it becomes part of the
crust of an Earth. So if you're wearing like a
gold ring or any other piece of gold right now,
or if you're maybe maybe say using an electronic device
(20:55):
that has a bit of gold in it, just think
about how that element was forged either in the guts
of a dying star as it exploded, or was probably
more likely created in the chaos of rapid neutron capture
when two of the densest objects in the universe, two
neutron stars, smashed together billions of years ago. And of course,
(21:17):
I guess the even crazier thing is that that doesn't
stop at gold, right, Like our amazement at the elements
shouldn't stop there, because all the heavy elements had to
be formed at some point. In fact, all the elements
of any kind had to be formed at some point.
A few of the lightest ones are primordial, you know,
you find hydrogen and helium and lithium out in the
original universe. Uh, And then a few more I think
(21:38):
are formed by like a cosmic rays and stuff. But
beyond that, pretty much everything that you could see and
touch and that your body is made of was in
some way forged inside a dying star. Uh. You know,
you've got this dying star forge that has slow neutron
capture going on inside it. Or it was a supernova
explosion or the collision of neutron stars or or something
(22:00):
like that. Yeah, these are the very kind of forges
one can imagine a god like Vulcan would employ, right exactly. Yeah,
that's what's happening when he pumps the bellows, he's just
pumping it to smash neutron stars together. And of course,
you know you mentioned that in anything heavier than iron
likely had this this kind of cosmic origin, and that
includes lead. So even though it's easy to to say, oh,
(22:21):
the golden arrow forged in in cosmic turmoil in in
ages past, well, the same story applies to lead, even
though it's not as shiny, even though you probably don't
have any lead in jewelry on your body right now,
uh though, I mean, lead is an amazing element, and
to consider the same way, I think. I think there
are two main explanations for lead, as I believe. One
(22:44):
is that there's slow neutron capture like the s process
that takes place within dying stars, and the other is
the the hot dense starter course, the neutron star collision Sunday, Sunday, Sunday. Now,
to come back to Cupid's arrow, I imagine basically the
idea of the lead in arrow is that lead is
not attractive. Lead is not beautiful. Lead is something that
(23:07):
even in ancient times, it was rarely used in jewelry,
or at least as the primary aspect of the jewelry. Well. No,
and and even more, Uh, I don't know if you
can be mean to lead, but if you if lead
has feelings, you could hurt its feelings even more by
pointing out that lead. You know, lead doesn't occur generally
free in nature. Lead occur is bound up in ores. Uh.
(23:30):
And so primarily the way lead was created in the
ancient world was as a byproduct of the creation of silver.
And so people are trying to extract silver for something
from something and you melt out some lead as a
sort of waste product of that. And and it did
have uses because it's got a high specific weight, So
you could use it as like a weight for you know,
if you have like fishing line, fishing nets or something
(23:53):
you want to hold down that it's useful for that.
It's not very good for making like solid like weapons
or anything, right, because it's very soft. Yeah, it's it's
not gonna be it's not gonna be a good metal
if you want to actually forge arrows for combat or
forge any kind of say armor. Um. But but there
are a lot of uses for it if you want
(24:14):
to create, say, drinking vessels, or certainly if you want
to create pipes. We're not advocating that, by the way, no, no,
but certainly from a very early point humans were figuring
This outlet is one of the seven Medals of Antiquity.
Humans were handling lead a long time ago. Cast lead
beads found in modern day Turkey date from roughly BC.
(24:37):
The ancient Egyptians use lead as early as five thousand
BC for pottery glazes, solder and casting. Yeah, and uh
so I was looking at early examples of lead artifacts.
One example I found was a sort of maybe aesthetic
artifact or maybe something that was used in like a
whirl for for you know, working with textiles. Um. But
(24:59):
this was the cave in the Negev Desert in Israel,
and it's supposedly dates to the late fifth millennium BC,
and it's just basically this wooden wand that's got leaden
beads at the end of it. And they don't know
what it's for though I wonder if maybe it's for
some kind of heavy metal lead magic. Yeah, an anti
(25:19):
love repulsion ray. Uh, so we can hope. So the
Babylonians made inscriptions on lead plates soft you can inscribe
things on it. And just to refer everyone back to
our October episode on curses, we spend a fair amount
of time discussing Roman curse tablets. Oh yeah we did.
(25:40):
And what were those made out of? Well, like the
ones found in um in like second or third century
Roman Britain were often they're made in lead. So there
are these places where you can go around like modern
day Lester and dig up these ancient sites where there
would be maybe a shrine or a temple to an
ancient god, maybe in the syncretic religions of Roman Britain,
(26:00):
where you'd sort of combined maybe Roman gods with with
Native Celtic gods or or or the gods of Britain there,
and people would be going there to say curse somebody
who stole something from them, like you know, Servandas shows
up and says, somebody stole my cloak. Whoever stole my cloak,
I want him to not be able to pee for
three months unless he gives me my cloak back. And
(26:23):
this would be inscribed on a lead tablet and hung
up somewhere. And part of the idea there is that
it was partially to invoke this power, but also maybe
just to have it hung up in a public place
so people could like know what was going on. Now,
one other important aspect of lead that that I wonder
and I wonder if it played into the use of
into the creation of these a curse tablets, is that, uh,
(26:44):
lead does not corrode like other medals. So if you
if you, if you inscribe your curse in a piece
of lead, like, that's a curse that could speak across
the ages. Right, lead doesn't rust. I mean, well lead
lead ox sides do form, but they're not they're they're
not like like iron rust, you know, the red rusty stuff.
Lead oxide tends to be great, but generally exposed lead
(27:07):
doesn't corrode. And uh, and yeah, this does make it attractive,
especially for some purposes, say like if you want to
make something that holds liquids in it, right, something that
is not gonna receive a lot of punishment, you don't
have to worry about that. Uh. That the weakness of it,
But yeah, you can use it for drinking vessels or
certainly for plumbing pipes. Here's a gross piece of trivia.
(27:31):
Next time you have to call a plumber because who
knows what you tried to flush a whole roll of
paper towels down the toilet. Consider that the English words
plumber and plumbing are derived from the Latin word plumb them,
which means lead. And it's right there in the chemical
elements symbol for lead on the periodic table. You ever
noticed that it's one of those weird ones like iron
(27:52):
is f E. Why is that? Well, you know, it
comes from an archaic word of like the ferrest metal. Uh.
Lead on the pure reotic table is PB. Why is
it pb that comes from plumb them? Because ancient Romans
loved some lead pipes and lead aqueducts, and lead reservoirs
and lead cisterns, lead cooking vessels, and lead based even
(28:14):
lead based food additives. And we'll come back to the
food additives point now. I was looking at one text
from Cassis and and sort of titled Lead Chemistry Analytical Aspects,
Environmental Impact and Health Effects, and they pointed out that
ancient text showed a bit of confusion over lead and
other elements, using plumb bum to describe quote any silvery white,
(28:38):
low melting and easily oxidized metal, including lead, tin, zinc,
et cetera. They pointed out though, that yeah, lead pipes
have been used for a very long time. I see
them in ancient Mesopotamia, Cypress, Persia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, of course,
and various Roman provinces. So you know, the technology and
the materials would have spread with the Romans as well,
(29:00):
and the Romans likely learned it from the Greeks. And
it wasn't just the pipes. It was used in cases
where iron wire or wooden hoops are currently used today,
you know, as reinforcing brands for bands, for tanks, vats, um, amphora, etcetera.
So you see it also used in masonry, cesspool coverings, roofing,
(29:21):
damp proofing, foundations, uh, parapet walls, etcetera. Lead vessels were
widely used and uh this is interesting. Lead was also
long associated with funeral rites, so Roman era caskets and
urns are often made at least in part from lead,
especially apparently in England. Lead was also used in ancient
China in a variety of uses from glassmaking to cosmetics.
(29:46):
Of course, and now in the modern world, we know
that lead can have extremely serious health consequences, can and
very often does. Like there there are tons of ways
to get lead in your body, and lead exposure can
happen through through in jel question when when you eat,
It can happen through breathing in lead particles can happen
through absorption through the skin, and lead gets incorporated into
(30:08):
the body and leads to both short term and long
term negative consequences. The short term negative consequences are there
are a lot of different ones, so it can be
sometimes it's hard to identify lead exposure in people. But
it might be like you've got stomach distress, like your
stomach hurts and you're constipated. But it also can lead
to weakness and fatigue, and like your arms and legs
(30:30):
are weak, and it can lead to psychological and neurological consequences.
People can be like like tired and depressed and irritable,
have loss of appetite, have trouble remembering things. Yeah, I
mean it's enough to make you think it's my smartphone
made out of lead, but uh, it is, it's we
were actually talking about this before we recorded the episode,
(30:52):
like there's so much to the story of of of
our realization regarding the harmful effects of lead, that we
really need to come back to it and devote an
entire episode. Absolutely, yes, yes, absolutely, We're gonna do a
whole episode on lead someday soon, I think, maybe with
a special focus on the Lord of Lead, clar Cy Patterson.
But yeah, we we now know lead to have all
(31:12):
these problems, and they're also the long term consequences, right,
those are just like short term consequences. I was mentioning,
you know, it can there can be neurological damage from
long term exposure to lead. Enough lead in a concentrated
dose can kill you. They're definitely, uh like developmental problems
that children who have lead exposure experience. So it's uh yeah,
it's no joke. And the fact that humans have constantly
(31:33):
surrounded ourselves for centuries or even millennia with just constant
routes of exposure to to environmental lead is something that
is really horrifying and ridiculous. But I guess that's just
what we do. All right. We're gonna take a quick
break and when we come back We're going to get
back to this idea of lead as a food headed
song hanging there. Soon it'll be time to eat some
(31:56):
lead than Alright, we're back. Okay, it's Valentine's Day. What
do you get your sweetheart on Valentine's Day? Sometimes they're flowers?
But oh, I guess it's already there in the name, right,
you get your sweethearts some sweets. Now here's the question
I've wondered about before, but I've never found a good
answer to. Why is it that we associate sweet foods
(32:19):
with like eroticism but not so much like other flavors?
Like why isn't it that you get your sweethearts some
salty foods on Valentine's Day? Or you get them some
bitter foods or sour foods? Why sweet? I mean sweets
are a decadent treat, right, I mean I guess that's
part of it. Um, A sweet is something sweets or
(32:39):
something we've always were always craving and uh, and we're
just hardwired to want as much of it as possible,
given that it would be a rarity in the natural world.
But we also crave fat and salt. Why not like
for Valentine's Day, instead of a box of chocolates, it's
like a bag of pork crimes and a stick of butter. Well. Um,
I guess it would be harder to keep that secreted
(33:02):
away in the back of the closet for a week
or so. Um. But I don't know. I feel like
they're people celebrate cheeses on Valentine's You know, certainly there
are other foods that have a like a romantic or
afrodisiac uh, you know, vibe to them. Yeah, I guess so.
Uh you know, I guess part of what I'm wondering
is is that link between like love and eroticism and
(33:24):
sweet foods. Is that cultural or is there some biological
element to it? Oh? Man, We'll have to come back
and explore that. That would be that would be interesting
to look at, Like when you look at other cultures,
is there something else that is considered the romantic flavor profile? Um?
I don't know. You know, considering how many like Scandinavian
people have written into the show to to talk about
(33:46):
the wonders of salty licorice, I bet that's what they
use over there. Yeah. And plus it makes me wonder about, say,
Chinese traditions where there's so much emphasis placed on the
balance of different flavors. Uh, you know, how does impact
sort of ritualized sweets. All right, well, let's talk about
the sweetest of all sweets, sweet lead. So I found
(34:09):
what has got to be the best entry ever in
any Oxford Companions that was reading the Oxford Companion to
Sugar and Sweets. Yeah. So it's Oxford University Press, and
there's an entry in it by the American chemist Michelle M. Francil,
And this has just got to be one of the
best like Encyclopedia type entries I've ever read. So francial
(34:30):
writes about this substance called sugar of lead, also known
as lead lead acetate or lead to acetate. It looks
kind of like large salt crystals if you look it up,
or it looks maybe like translucent rock candy, the kind
of stuff you get on a little stick, right, Yeah,
but like sort of like white, translucent in color. And
(34:51):
Francile writes, quote, it is sweet roughly as sweet per
teaspoon as sugar, and only slightly more lethal than stricken.
So sugar of lead was used as like a medical
treatment in nineteenth century Europe, And even though it is sweet,
it is technically a salt, which is an electrically neutral
collection of positive ions and negative ions. And actually we
(35:13):
only think of salts as salty in flavor because the
most common salt that we refer to is sodium chloride
table salt. But salts don't have to be salty. Salts
can be bitter, and salts can be sweet, and in
this case it is sweet. So in lead acetate, this
collection of oppositely charged ions is made from di positive
lead ions and negatively charged acetate ions. And it turns
(35:37):
out sugar of lead is not the only sweet metallic salt.
Frens Will points out that lots of beryllium salts are
very sweet, so sweet in fact, that the Greek word
for the element beryllium is glucinium, from like glucose or glycos,
the Greek word for sweet. But as good as these
metal salts that are sweet taste, they are very bad
(35:58):
for you. Lead a state can be fatal to a
seventy or a hundred and fifty pound adult at a
dose of three teaspoons. So basically what you're saying is
that if anybody has any fancy dining plants this evening
and they see lead based sweeteners on the menu, I
would advise against it. Nevertheless, there is some evidence that
(36:21):
the ancient Romans used indirectly, I would say indirectly used
this lead salt as a kind of sweetener, or at
least as a way of avoiding other types of taste
imparted into their foods. So here's how this goes. The
Romans created a syrup that they called sapa, which was
produced by boiling down a liquid called must. Must is
(36:43):
basically weak wine. Frontal describes it as quote mildly fermented
grape juice, so there'll be a little bit of alcohol content,
maybe kind of like grape beer. Almost. Of course, must,
like wine, has some acid in it. It has acetic acid,
and acetic acid is the acid base is of vinegar.
Vinegar is usually just acetic acid diluted with water or
(37:04):
some other aqueous substance, and acetic acid provides acetate ions
which can react with metals in the pots where they
are boiled and uh and this can result in some salts.
So if you boil your must in a copper pot,
the resulting sappa will have some copper acetate salts in it,
and these taste really bad, like they're bitter. Even ancient
(37:27):
Roman writers would would comment on this. In the Natural History,
Plenty discusses the production of sappa and he writes, quote,
leaden vessels should be used for this purpose, not copper ones.
So it's like, get that copper out of there, makes
the sappa taste bad? You want lead? Except no less?
So why use lead? Because remember lead salts are sweets.
(37:48):
So not only does cooking in lead pots not foul
your sappa, it might make it even a little bit sweeter. Uh.
And this is a quote from This is a quote
from Francile's injury quote. Chemical analysis of sappa produced according
to recipes dating from the classical Roman period using kettles
of similar metallic composition as those found at POMPEII and
(38:09):
other sites, suggests that the lead content of sappa was
eight hundred and fifty milligrams per leader, many thousand times
higher than what is generally allowable in drinking water, even
diluted and used sparingly. Sweetening with sappa was a serious risk.
Now I have seen some people phrase this is like
that the lead pots were used specifically to make the
(38:34):
sappa sweeter, and Francis sort of disagrees with that because
she says the lead was probably not really intended to
add much sweetness to the wine because it wouldn't put
it wouldn't add that much. Really, you You'd already have
a pretty sweet substance and would be the equivalent of
adding like a pinch of sugar to it, So it
wouldn't make a huge difference. It was more that the
(38:54):
lead vessels, if they when they did add flavor, would
sort of complement the existing sweetness ra other than adding
a foul, bitter flavor like copper vessels would. Okay, so
in a blind taste test of the in which both
vessels have the same already sweet or semi sweet wine,
you're going to find that the leaden vessel is going
(39:16):
to impart a like a slightly sweeter, less foul experience. Well,
probably significantly less foul. But yeah, I don't know if
there's evidence that they thought of it, as the lead
comes out and makes it a lot sweeter. They just thought, oh,
you use lead pots it tastes way better. In the end. However,
this is one of those cases where we also can't
just make fun of the ancients. Because this this kind
(39:38):
of thing carried on into a ridiculously recent time. She
points out that the use of lead as a food
additive and treatment did not stop in Ancient Rome, and
that lead equipment and additives were used to prevent spoilage
in wine in some cases up until the nineteenth century.
Oh wow, now we do have to just drive home
for everybody, even though again we're not getting deep into
the the the the the dangers of lead in this episode. Please,
(40:04):
if you were, if you were tempted, all tempted it all,
do not go out and drink a bunch of wine
out of lead vessels just to to to test the
sweetening ability of the of the vessel. The amount of
lead you should be absorbing on purposes zero, whatever you're
accidentally getting from the environment is still probably more than
you want. And there's actually a lot more stuff that
(40:26):
There's been an ongoing argument over the years about the
role of lead ingestion and lead exposure in ancient Rome,
because before Ancient Rome there was lead. People did use
lead to make some objects, but it wasn't used in
wide like widespread construction and infrastructure and all that. The
Romans were the ones that really started using lead for
(40:47):
a lot of stuff, and in nine three, a Canadian
researcher named Jerome Riyagu argued that lead poisoning actually lead
to the downfall of the Roman Empire. You've probably heard
this before, Yeah, the idea that they just they built
up all of this lead essentially lead infrastructure and then
poisoned themselves with yeah, and cooked with this, especially the
cooking with lead vessels, I think. Um. And so this
(41:10):
has later been called into doubt by others who said,
you know, it doesn't necessarily seem like we can claim that,
but there's no doubt that many robins were exposed to
unsafe levels of lead. I was just looking at a
study from P and A. S by the by Delisle
at All called lead in Ancient Rome city waters, and
they found that the tap water, you know, basically the
(41:32):
aqueduct delivered water or delivered through some kind of lead infrastructure,
that water in ancient Rome would have roughly a hundred
times the lead content of local spring water. It's a
lot of lead, all right, was we we wind down here,
Let's just let's just talk once more about just the
properties of lead, right, And I wonder if in looking
at these properties, we can figure out what makes it
(41:55):
so special as as the opposite of the love inducing
golden arrow. Yeah, and and indeed, why Cupid would have
walked up to his possible father Vulcan and said, Hey,
what metal should you use to make my repulsion arrows?
What would make Vulcans say, oh, yeah, lead, Lead is
what you want? Okay? Well, one thing we know about
lead is that, for a metal, has a pretty low
(42:16):
melting point right right, And this means it's a lot
easier to cast with requires less equipment, and it made
an ideal solder component. Ye, So if you want to
melt something easily to like seal things together, I think yeah,
and I've read this also makes it like an attractive
additive if you're like casting something in a mold. Right.
And then to your point earlier, like it was there
(42:37):
as a byproduct of going after other metals, so it
was available, um onto onto. An addition, we've talked about
this a little bit. Lead is dnse. It is. It's
a heavy metal, and leads density is due to its
high atomic mass, short bond lengths, and a small atomic radius.
And this along with its high number of electrons needed
(42:57):
to maintain a neutral charge, makes it a useful radiation
shield in our modern world, a scattering X rays and
gamma rays. Yeah, and so you'll actually see it in
use in places where there's a radiation risk. There are
sometimes lead blocks deployed as a as basically a like
the sand bags of the radiation world. Yeah. I mean,
my my father was a dentist and and so I
(43:20):
was often hanging out in dental offices, and part of
that is being being near an X ray machine and
of course that big, big heavy lead line smock that lead. Yeah.
So so yeah, you see, you see this kind of
radiation shielding all over. It kind of makes me think
back to our our our episode on the X ray
machine that we did for Invention. So certainly if you
(43:43):
want more on on the use of X rays and
the dangers of radiation associated with that with X rays,
I highly recommend that episode of our other show Invention.
And then the third major attribute of lead is that
it is soft and it's malleable. Uh, it's limited usage somewhat.
You know, while God might be able to craft an
arrow out of it or coat an arrow with lead anyway,
(44:04):
you're not gonna be able to fashion anything with it
that can sustain any real stress. But when you're talking
about something like water and sewage pipes or cooking vessels,
Uh yeah, that that is an area where lead can
can excel as long as you're not getting into questions
of whether it will poison you or not. Just from
a physical and a physical basis, it can get the
job done. You wouldn't want like a lead hammer, though,
(44:27):
I think you can have like lead alloy hammers and
stuff like. You can use alloys to strengthen metals that
are inherently soft. So coming back to Cupid, I mean
maybe the idea is that the leaden arrows or somehow
combating the radiation of intense passionate love. The power of
love is actually a it's a it's a type of ray.
(44:49):
It's what's beyond gamma rays. Yeah, and you've got to
scatter those love rays. And the only way to do
it is with with some high end um God forged
a leaden ammunition. I'm seeing another residence here because one
of the sources we didn't mention. So we talked about
how lead can be created in like events in space
inside like a dying star and the collision of neutron stars.
(45:11):
We also didn't talk about another. I think it probably
accounts for a much much smaller percentage of it. But
lead can be created as the byproduct of radioactive decay sometimes,
like uranium can decay into some isotopes of lead. So
maybe if we're considering that love is a type of
radioactivity or type of ray, they're actually lead represents what
(45:34):
happens when love dies in decays, you know, like so
like love fades and eventually it becomes lead. What starts
as this golden, splendid, sharp arrow becomes this blunt, dull,
lusterless instrument. We have crucified this myth and taken out
all of the beauty and turned it into a chemical Frankenstein.
(45:55):
I'm so proud of us. Yeah, I I feel like
we have. We've done a good job here today, taking
the candy coated and kind of lame holiday of Valentine's Day,
and I think we've injected some fresh life into it.
We've fed it a lot of lead and uh and
and there and uh and in doing so, we've we've
killed off a lot of the the more irritable aspects
(46:19):
of the holiday. Sweet sweet lead. Yes, so big takeaways
from from today. Don't eat lead sugar, right, don't do
not do it. Don't cook in lead pots, right, don't
drink from lead leading vessels if you have a choice
in the matter. Be wary of gods with bows and arrows,
(46:39):
and and keep in mind that, yeah, Cupid has two arrows,
so if he's aiming at you, uh, it's kind of
a toss up which one he's trying to hit you with.
And sometimes even the great God Pan gets out wrestled exactly.
All right, So we're gonna close out the special Valentine's
Day episode of Stuff to Blow Your Mind. But as always,
if you want to check out more episodes of the show,
(46:59):
you can always head it over to stuff to Blow
your Mind dot com. That's the mother ship. That's where
you will find all the episodes of the show. You'll
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(47:21):
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The Golden Kind, not the lead ones uh, and then
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because you know these these may seem like small things,
but they really help us out in the long run.
Huge thanks as always to our excellent audio producers Alex
Williams and try Harrison. If you would like to get
in touch with us directly with feedback about this episode
(47:43):
or any other to suggest topic for the future, we're
just to say hi. You can email us at blow
the Mind at how stuff works dot com for more
on this and thousands of other topics. Does it how
stuff works dot com
They're from his quiver full of shafts, two arrows? Did
he take of sundry works? To one causes love? The
other doth H's slake. That causes love is all of
gold with point, full, sharp and bright. That chase is
love is blunt who steal with leaden head? Is Dight.
(00:26):
Welcome to Stuff to Blow your Mind from how Stuff
Works dot Com. Hey you welcome to Stuff to Blow
your mind. My name is Robert Lamb and I'm Joe McCormick.
And so obviously we're talking about Cupid today. That's right,
it's Valentine's Day? Is it? Yes? Is it actually Valentine's Yes,
(00:48):
actual Valentine's Day. Okay, Yeah, so we figured what we
gotta we gotta do some sort of Valentine's episode. We
had the the episode where we talked to Tomorrow Heart previously,
but this is the day itself Towers of Ale sex. Yeah,
so it seemed proper to get a little mythological here
as we kick off this episode, and to turn to
that mythological figure that got of romantic love, Cupid, the
(01:12):
creepy smooth baby who shoots arrows with heart tips. Yes,
now that the reading at the top of the episode
was was ovid that was from the Metamorphosis the Golden Translation,
So that was how you get words like dit Yeah,
which means clothed or equipped. I had to look that
one up. Yeah, it might be not be completely clear,
(01:33):
but what Ovid is basically saying is, hey, Cupid has
two different arrows that he may pull from his quiver.
You often forget this, or maybe he never even learned
it in the first place. Well, right, if you're just
going off of cheesy Valentine staate cards, you just think
of that cartoon baby, and like you said, the arrows
have just kind of a goofy cartoon heart at the end,
and cupids launch and those at people and making them
(01:56):
falling cartoon love with people. Yeah, well, you tend to
not think cupids arrows literally being an arrow that strikes
with force and penetrates the flesh. I guess we're to
understand it that way, at least the ancients did. Like
there's this poem by Anna Creon that Robert and I
were talking about before the episode, where it's not actually
that great of a poem. I don't know if it's
(02:16):
worth reading, but it makes this joke about cupid gets
stung by a bee and he starts crying, and his mother,
I guess this would be Aphrodite or Venus maybe comes
to him and is trying to console him and says, uh,
you know, you're crying about being stung by a bee,
but you shoot people with arrows all the time. That
must hurt more shot through the heart. Um. Yeah, And
(02:37):
so he so he has two different arrows that he
he chooses from when he decides to nail somebody. One
of these arrows, as the as Ovid says, is tipped
in gold with a sharp point and bright right, and
so that's the that's the love arrow, that is the
the romantic love arrow. But then he has this leaden
(02:57):
arrow which it sounds like it's it's probably not an
arrowhead composed entirely of lad for reasons will explain, but
it is at least coded or tipped in lead somehow well.
And it also says that as blunt, meaning I assume
it is not meant to penetrate, but maybe strikes more
like a like a beanbag gun. Yeah, like just to
brain you with this dense leaden arrowhead. Yeah, just to
(03:22):
just smack you hard. And then it Also it imparts aversion,
so like it hits you and now you you want
to you want to not be around somebody. I guess right.
This seems that this seems to be the most popular
interpretation of the leaden arrows power though I was looking around, uh,
and I did see at least one description saying that
the leaden arrow had to do with set with sensual passion.
(03:44):
But I don't think that's the predominant interpretation. It's certainly
not the one that we're going to spend much time
with here today. Consensual passion. There are other gods for that. Uh.
You know, Cupid's domain is more about that that that
that romantic passion, the arrows or the philos or I
lose track of what love is what in Greek philodo? Um. Yeah,
(04:08):
we'll be we'll be getting into the Greek and Roman
stuff shortly, but yes, we're gonna be talking about Cupid.
And I do I do encourage everyone to maybe put
aside the more cherubic interpretations of of Cupid as we
discuss this figure, because we have to remember he is
a god. Um. He is capable of of of wrecking
(04:30):
people's lives with his mischief and he's not always depicted
as a as a baby. He's he's often he's usually
depicted as youthful, certainly, and that may be a male
youth or a boy. He's very often and you know,
depicted naked or nearly so. And sometimes he's blindfolded as well.
I think it's blind right, Oh yeah, I didn't think
(04:52):
of that. Well, I I think he's often depicted as
a baby just because if he were an adult, he
would be a horrifying, gross creep. Right. Well, they're still
there's still always room to find Cupid creepy for sure.
All right, Well who is Cupid? Where do you come from?
In the pantheon and the mythology? Okay, so Cupid is
the Roman variant of the Greek god Arrows, the prime
(05:14):
evil god of love, a son of chaos, though in
later traditions he has depicted as a son of Aphrodite,
who is the Roman Venus, whose goddess of sexual love
and beauty. And as far as the father goes, it's
all across the board. They're very different tellings. Sometimes it's Zeus,
sometimes it's it's Aries. There's at least one version where
(05:36):
it's It's It seems like it's Vulcan, the god of
the forage. But in but then a lot of stories
have it have hermes as the father, who of course
is the Roman Mercury. So it's a real Mari show. Yes, yeah,
you can very much imagine that there being a lot
of drama around this. But he's a god of passion
and love but also a fertility to a certain extent.
(05:59):
As now, in Roman traditions, Cupid is largely described as
a son of Venus and Mercury, combining their roles into
that of a divine messenger of love. Okay, so Mercury
is the messenger, Aphrodite is love. So he brings you
the love signals, the he's he's the radar love god. Yeah,
don't you So you can't really hate the messenger, right,
(06:20):
I guess that's part of the story here as well.
Now he's often depicted as this kind of cherubic creature
like we describe, but also sometimes is more of a
you know, in an androgynous, youthful figure, sometimes clad in
armor because I guess love is also a battlefield and
he's sometimes a mischief maker other times a generous patron
(06:41):
of love. His targets include both mortals and other gods.
And uh as always, the versions of the myth very
with the teller and the time. But we certainly want
to to tell the major Cupid story. Well, tell me
the story, Robert, all right. So his mother again is Venus,
and Venus has is subject to bouts of jealousy pretty
(07:03):
much like all of them, the major gods and the pantheon, right,
and so she one day she has had enough of
this beautiful mortal by the name of Psyche. She's just
too too lovely. She's so lovely that other mortals are
afraid to approach her. And in Venus isn't having it.
She tasks her son Cupid, and says, go to this woman,
(07:25):
shoot her with a golden arrow of love, and then
make her fall in love with the first thing she sees,
because that's the power of the arrow in this in
this interpretation of it. And she adds, make sure that
the next thing she sees is the most hideous creature imaginable.
I don't care what it is, usual imagination. She falls
in love with the font Papyrus. That would have been good, um,
(07:48):
so Cupid. Cupid goes down to Earth to do this,
but he can't quite bring himself to finish the task,
though he was certainly okay with the plan enough to
trick her parents into a band, dinning her on a
desolate hilltop so that she could wed a monster, but
as far as actually yeah, because she's taken. The Psyche
has taken to this hill and here you go. Sorry,
(08:10):
the gods wants you to marry a monster. It's gonna happen.
See you later, because you know you do what do
what the gods say, or suffer. But then he can't
actually shoot her with the arrow, so instead he pricks
himself with the golden arrow and then gazes upon Psyche,
falls in love with her, and so he takes her away,
sets her up in a protected place like a palace,
somewhere where he can visit her safely, but only in darkness.
(08:35):
And then but then one night she cast light upon
him and she learns his identity, spilling wax on him
in the process, and he flees. So Psyche is distraught.
She's she's in love with this this god, this beautiful
young god boy, so she searches for him, and finally
Venus agrees to hand him over, but only if she
(08:55):
completes a series of trials. Oh yeah, never a good
sign in a myth, right, you get the feeling that
a lot of these trials might be tricks. Yes, and
indeed they are. Uh. The the exact trials can vary
with the telling, but uh, this is the basic roll
out here. First of all, she has to sort a
massive pile of seeds in a single night, and uh,
(09:18):
fortunately some ants help her. Oh that's a great variation
on all the tweety birds and scugs in the snow
White story. You know they'll come in and help with
the chores. Now it's ants, and who knows, maybe Spider's
pitch in a bit. Well. The next task is that
she has to fetch the golden wool from a like
a monstrous sheep, like a kind of sheep that disembowels
(09:39):
anyone who gets near it, and a swarm of cockroaches
assist her. No, actually, a river god helps her out
um and helps her acquire the wolf. So she turns
that in. But then she has to venture into the
underworld and acquire a drop of the Queen of the
Underworld's beauty. Oh yeah, so uh cupid, it seems ends
up sort of cluing her in sends her some signals
(10:00):
because going to the underworld isn't easy, right, yeah, it's
it's a dangerous proposition. So Cupid clues her in you know,
secret messages, letting her know, make sure you bring coins
for torone and treats for service, important things to bring along.
So she does this. She wins that drop, brings it
back in a golden box, and brings it to the surface.
(10:23):
She's on her way to deliver it to Venus, but
then she decides, well, I'm gonna steal a little bit
of that beauty from the box for myself, and then
she discovers the boxes full of sleep. Sleep comes over her,
Cupid comes to her way and wakes her up, gives
her the nectar of the gods and makes her a
god as well the embodiment of the soul, and she
later gives birth to Pleasure. That's a heck of a story.
(10:44):
Oh yeah, there are various treatments of the story. The
various you know, additional stories such as Beauty and the
Beast take this basic structure and then uh, you know,
employ it in a slightly different manner. But yeah, that's
the major Cupid narrative. But there's also a fun one
that employs his arrows in an interesting way in which
both of them this time, both of them as he
(11:06):
messes with the god Apollo. So Apollo is a powerful
god and he's he's he's lusting after the nymph Daphne.
And while he's in the midst of this, he taunts
Cupid's archery ability. He says, you're not much of an archer,
are you, And so it's always good to taunt people
holding ranged weapons. Well, again, the gods are vain and
(11:28):
you know, kind of and it's in vengeful and but
also kind of stupid at times. So what Cupid does
is he shoots Apollo with a golden arrow that makes him,
of course, you know, lust like crazy after Daphney. But
then he shoots Daphne with a leaden arrow, ensuring that
she wants nothing to do with exactly. In fact, she
runs away to her father, who also happens to be
(11:49):
a river god, and has him turned her into a
tree so that Apollo will leave her alone. And then
Cupid you know, goes off and laughs about the whole affair. Now, wait,
after the us, is Apollo still in love with the
tree or not? It really depends on the user agreement
with you on the golden arrow? How does the gold
narrow magic work? Can you transform the essence of the
(12:11):
target of the affection? And does that? Can'tcel the spell?
Or do you have to roll a D twenty to
find out? I don't know. And then we are the
effects on God's Is that a little different than an
effect on immortal Who can say? Now you might think, okay,
Cupid sounds like he makes some enemies here and there.
Who's his greatest rival? Is there like a safety god
(12:31):
who's always trying to take his arrows away? No? No, no,
it's none other than the great God Pan. What one
of our favorites. Yeah, In one corner we have the
flighty arrow shooting Cherubic, son of of of Venus, U,
the Lord of Love. And in the other corner we
have the wild rutting he goat, king of fornication, Uh,
(12:53):
surrounded by nymphs prancing through the forest. And so it's
divine love versus earthly love, and spoiler alert, Cupid often
comes out on top. In fact, there are some there
are paintings that depict Cupid kind of wrestling Pan to
the ground. Could you also say that this is like
city love versus country love. I guess you could. Yeah,
(13:14):
like Pan was sort of envisioned as the representative of
the I don't know, the the amorous affairs of like
shepherds and country people. Yeah, it is kind of country
love versus you know, the divine love of Mount Olympus. Here.
On the other hand, when you look up artistic interpretations
of Pan, he is often wrestling or doing something like wrestling,
(13:35):
so it's it's hard to say he's definitely on the
losing end of the scenario here. The Pan's a rascal. Yea. Now,
in terms of other treatments of of Cupid, you know,
we're not going to go through, you know, all the
the echoes in popular culture. I did notice just the
most dignified one. Yes, I did notice that there is
(13:57):
a There is a Cupid in at DC comics that's
kind of a feisty redhead and it's a it's a female.
It's like a cohort of the green arrow. Is she
a got us or just a human named Cupid? I
think she's just a human who shoots arrows at people.
It's not a thor situation. I don't think so. If
any comic book fans out there that want to, um,
(14:18):
you know, clue us in on this. We'd love to
hear more. But I think she just shoots arrows at
people and tries to kill them, you know. Independent of
you coming up with this lead, Robert, I immediately was googling, like,
cupid horror movie? Is there one? I came across something,
only to discover that you'd already given it a little
right up here. Yes, two thousand and one slasher film
(14:41):
titled Valentine. Now have you seen this before? No? I
looked up a couple of scenes on YouTube. One actually
had kind of a cool set with like somebody's like
walking through a maze made out of TV screens or
something that. Yeah, I kind of like that, but otherwise
it looks so stupid. And it has the ultimate like
(15:02):
two thousand one smart Face cast where it's got David
Boreanaz and Denise Richards. It's like the cast of Starship Troopers.
It also has a has a two thousand and one
alternative rock album, like the most two thousand and one
alternative rock album, Imaginable. Yeah that the soundtrack is, um,
does it have what down with the sickness? It doesn't
(15:25):
have that particular track, but Disturbed is present and h
and yeah, you can pretty much extrapolate from there what
else is on the soundtrack. But it does have this
killer stalking around, this slasher character with a Cupid mask,
and there is one scene at least where he kills
somebody with arrows, and that's the sequence you're you're talking
about with all the TVs. So yeah, as far as
(15:47):
slasher films we're seeing, it's been too long since I've
seen it to really give it a firm recommendation. But
as far as slasher films worth looking up the kills
on YouTube, I give it a give it a thumbs up.
But in this movie, if unless I'm mistaken, no gold
arrows and lead blunt arrows right right, I think he
just has normal killing arrows because he's ultimately not an
(16:09):
actual god. That would have been a fun twist. Though.
They don't get deep into the resonances of the mythology, no,
because if there's a lot there you could really go
go nuts with. For instance, the fact that Cupid is
often depicted riding around on dolphins or even sometimes just
on sea monsters. That's odd. Yeah, and uh, you know,
you know we mentioned Beauty and the Beast already, but
(16:30):
I should throw out there even though I haven't read it,
and I don't know why I haven't read it, because
I read a whole lot of C. S. Lewis at
one point in my life. But C. S. Lewis retells
the story of of Cupid and Psyche in the nine
novel Till We Have Faces. I've never read that either,
but that sounds maybe worth check now. So again, we
could keep going on Cupid, we could keep talking about
(16:52):
various mythological treatments, different versions of the stories. Um. But basically,
what we want to drive home here is that, first
of all, he has these two arrows. He has the
leaden arrow and the golden arrow, and these are the
powers associated. And we also just want to drive home
that he's he is more than just this ridiculous cartoon baby.
(17:12):
Now he's an epic creep cartoon baby who wrestles goat
men and rides on seam monsters. Indeed, he is so
On that note, we're going to take a quick break
and when we come back, we are going to discuss
the leaden Arrow of Cupid. We're going to get into
what ancient people knew of lead, how they used lead,
what they thought about its properties, And then of course
(17:34):
we'll well, we'll we'll dive a little bit into the
periodic table and discuss exactly what lad is. Thank thank you,
all right, we're back. So, Robert, we have already told
the story of Cupid as especially as described in Ovid's Metamorphoses. Uh,
And in the story of these two different arrows, he's
got the gold arrow, which imparts love, makes people fancy
(17:55):
one another, and the lead arrow, which is blunt and
maybe seems to cause a version, at least in some
tellings of the story. Right, Like if if you were
hit with the lead arrow and somebody passed you a
note in in in high school and said will you
go out with me? Yes and no, you would add
a third box that said I would rather my father
turned me into a tree. Yeah, your head would just explode,
(18:16):
like in Scanners. Yes, Well, other than the general association
of gold being thought of as good, is there anything
any reason we can think of why these particular metals
are picked to have the magical significance they do in
the arrows in the myth? Well, yeah, exactly what we
with gold? Obviously, gold is beautiful and humans have thought
(18:36):
it's beautiful for ages, and we've been perfectly happy to
squabble over it and kill each other over it. So
it seems the perfect substance to sum up the appeal
and then sometimes the dangers of love. Plus knowing what
we know now, this was an element that was likely
produced in the collisions of of neutron stars long before
the formation of the Earth, which is amazing to consider.
(18:59):
By the way, I mean us to contemplate this for
a moment. Uh, you know, it was once thought that
most of the universe's heavy elements, like elements heavier than iron,
were created in supernovas, which is when a massive star
at the end of its life cycle collapses on itself
and then explodes, and supernovas can create some heavy elements.
But some scientists have argued for a while that there
(19:20):
are too many heavy elements that the proportion of them
that we find in the universe is too high to
be accounted for by what's possible from supernovas alone. So
in recent years there have been some cool experiments that
have shown that the collision of neutron stars, like you say,
could be the alternative. For example, I was looking at
there was a study published in and the Astrophysical Journal
(19:42):
by Coat at All that looked at data from a
neutron star merger and I love that's the technology they use,
like two companies like mergers and acquisitions. What they should
have used the language of love, because we are creating
a substance that will one day be used by the
out of love, right it is it should be neutron
star copulation, yes, neutron starter course, but anyway, that this
(20:09):
collision was between eighty five and a hundred and sixty
million light years away, and the researchers calculated that this
one event, these two neutron stars colliding, produced between one
and five earth masses of an element called europium and
between three and thirteen earth masses of gold earth masses
of gold. So just think about a solid gold Earth
(20:33):
and then between three and thirteen of them, and then
it just like spits a bunch of this out into
the universe to get bound up with other gases and
stuff like that and eventually end up in maybe say
a planetary accretion disk, where it becomes part of the
crust of an Earth. So if you're wearing like a
gold ring or any other piece of gold right now,
or if you're maybe maybe say using an electronic device
(20:55):
that has a bit of gold in it, just think
about how that element was forged either in the guts
of a dying star as it exploded, or was probably
more likely created in the chaos of rapid neutron capture
when two of the densest objects in the universe, two
neutron stars, smashed together billions of years ago. And of course,
(21:17):
I guess the even crazier thing is that that doesn't
stop at gold, right, Like our amazement at the elements
shouldn't stop there, because all the heavy elements had to
be formed at some point. In fact, all the elements
of any kind had to be formed at some point.
A few of the lightest ones are primordial, you know,
you find hydrogen and helium and lithium out in the
original universe. Uh, And then a few more I think
(21:38):
are formed by like a cosmic rays and stuff. But
beyond that, pretty much everything that you could see and
touch and that your body is made of was in
some way forged inside a dying star. Uh. You know,
you've got this dying star forge that has slow neutron
capture going on inside it. Or it was a supernova
explosion or the collision of neutron stars or or something
(22:00):
like that. Yeah, these are the very kind of forges
one can imagine a god like Vulcan would employ, right exactly. Yeah,
that's what's happening when he pumps the bellows, he's just
pumping it to smash neutron stars together. And of course,
you know you mentioned that in anything heavier than iron
likely had this this kind of cosmic origin, and that
includes lead. So even though it's easy to to say, oh,
(22:21):
the golden arrow forged in in cosmic turmoil in in
ages past, well, the same story applies to lead, even
though it's not as shiny, even though you probably don't
have any lead in jewelry on your body right now,
uh though, I mean, lead is an amazing element, and
to consider the same way, I think. I think there
are two main explanations for lead, as I believe. One
(22:44):
is that there's slow neutron capture like the s process
that takes place within dying stars, and the other is
the the hot dense starter course, the neutron star collision Sunday, Sunday, Sunday. Now,
to come back to Cupid's arrow, I imagine basically the
idea of the lead in arrow is that lead is
not attractive. Lead is not beautiful. Lead is something that
(23:07):
even in ancient times, it was rarely used in jewelry,
or at least as the primary aspect of the jewelry. Well. No,
and and even more, Uh, I don't know if you
can be mean to lead, but if you if lead
has feelings, you could hurt its feelings even more by
pointing out that lead. You know, lead doesn't occur generally
free in nature. Lead occur is bound up in ores. Uh.
(23:30):
And so primarily the way lead was created in the
ancient world was as a byproduct of the creation of silver.
And so people are trying to extract silver for something
from something and you melt out some lead as a
sort of waste product of that. And and it did
have uses because it's got a high specific weight, So
you could use it as like a weight for you know,
if you have like fishing line, fishing nets or something
(23:53):
you want to hold down that it's useful for that.
It's not very good for making like solid like weapons
or anything, right, because it's very soft. Yeah, it's it's
not gonna be it's not gonna be a good metal
if you want to actually forge arrows for combat or
forge any kind of say armor. Um. But but there
are a lot of uses for it if you want
(24:14):
to create, say, drinking vessels, or certainly if you want
to create pipes. We're not advocating that, by the way, no, no,
but certainly from a very early point humans were figuring
This outlet is one of the seven Medals of Antiquity.
Humans were handling lead a long time ago. Cast lead
beads found in modern day Turkey date from roughly BC.
(24:37):
The ancient Egyptians use lead as early as five thousand
BC for pottery glazes, solder and casting. Yeah, and uh
so I was looking at early examples of lead artifacts.
One example I found was a sort of maybe aesthetic
artifact or maybe something that was used in like a
whirl for for you know, working with textiles. Um. But
(24:59):
this was the cave in the Negev Desert in Israel,
and it's supposedly dates to the late fifth millennium BC,
and it's just basically this wooden wand that's got leaden
beads at the end of it. And they don't know
what it's for though I wonder if maybe it's for
some kind of heavy metal lead magic. Yeah, an anti
(25:19):
love repulsion ray. Uh, so we can hope. So the
Babylonians made inscriptions on lead plates soft you can inscribe
things on it. And just to refer everyone back to
our October episode on curses, we spend a fair amount
of time discussing Roman curse tablets. Oh yeah we did.
(25:40):
And what were those made out of? Well, like the
ones found in um in like second or third century
Roman Britain were often they're made in lead. So there
are these places where you can go around like modern
day Lester and dig up these ancient sites where there
would be maybe a shrine or a temple to an
ancient god, maybe in the syncretic religions of Roman Britain,
(26:00):
where you'd sort of combined maybe Roman gods with with
Native Celtic gods or or or the gods of Britain there,
and people would be going there to say curse somebody
who stole something from them, like you know, Servandas shows
up and says, somebody stole my cloak. Whoever stole my cloak,
I want him to not be able to pee for
three months unless he gives me my cloak back. And
(26:23):
this would be inscribed on a lead tablet and hung
up somewhere. And part of the idea there is that
it was partially to invoke this power, but also maybe
just to have it hung up in a public place
so people could like know what was going on. Now,
one other important aspect of lead that that I wonder
and I wonder if it played into the use of
into the creation of these a curse tablets, is that, uh,
(26:44):
lead does not corrode like other medals. So if you
if you, if you inscribe your curse in a piece
of lead, like, that's a curse that could speak across
the ages. Right, lead doesn't rust. I mean, well lead
lead ox sides do form, but they're not they're they're
not like like iron rust, you know, the red rusty stuff.
Lead oxide tends to be great, but generally exposed lead
(27:07):
doesn't corrode. And uh, and yeah, this does make it attractive,
especially for some purposes, say like if you want to
make something that holds liquids in it, right, something that
is not gonna receive a lot of punishment, you don't
have to worry about that. Uh. That the weakness of it,
But yeah, you can use it for drinking vessels or
certainly for plumbing pipes. Here's a gross piece of trivia.
(27:31):
Next time you have to call a plumber because who
knows what you tried to flush a whole roll of
paper towels down the toilet. Consider that the English words
plumber and plumbing are derived from the Latin word plumb them,
which means lead. And it's right there in the chemical
elements symbol for lead on the periodic table. You ever
noticed that it's one of those weird ones like iron
(27:52):
is f E. Why is that? Well, you know, it
comes from an archaic word of like the ferrest metal. Uh.
Lead on the pure reotic table is PB. Why is
it pb that comes from plumb them? Because ancient Romans
loved some lead pipes and lead aqueducts, and lead reservoirs
and lead cisterns, lead cooking vessels, and lead based even
(28:14):
lead based food additives. And we'll come back to the
food additives point now. I was looking at one text
from Cassis and and sort of titled Lead Chemistry Analytical Aspects,
Environmental Impact and Health Effects, and they pointed out that
ancient text showed a bit of confusion over lead and
other elements, using plumb bum to describe quote any silvery white,
(28:38):
low melting and easily oxidized metal, including lead, tin, zinc,
et cetera. They pointed out though, that yeah, lead pipes
have been used for a very long time. I see
them in ancient Mesopotamia, Cypress, Persia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, of course,
and various Roman provinces. So you know, the technology and
the materials would have spread with the Romans as well,
(29:00):
and the Romans likely learned it from the Greeks. And
it wasn't just the pipes. It was used in cases
where iron wire or wooden hoops are currently used today,
you know, as reinforcing brands for bands, for tanks, vats, um, amphora, etcetera.
So you see it also used in masonry, cesspool coverings, roofing,
(29:21):
damp proofing, foundations, uh, parapet walls, etcetera. Lead vessels were
widely used and uh this is interesting. Lead was also
long associated with funeral rites, so Roman era caskets and
urns are often made at least in part from lead,
especially apparently in England. Lead was also used in ancient
China in a variety of uses from glassmaking to cosmetics.
(29:46):
Of course, and now in the modern world, we know
that lead can have extremely serious health consequences, can and
very often does. Like there there are tons of ways
to get lead in your body, and lead exposure can
happen through through in jel question when when you eat,
It can happen through breathing in lead particles can happen
through absorption through the skin, and lead gets incorporated into
(30:08):
the body and leads to both short term and long
term negative consequences. The short term negative consequences are there
are a lot of different ones, so it can be
sometimes it's hard to identify lead exposure in people. But
it might be like you've got stomach distress, like your
stomach hurts and you're constipated. But it also can lead
to weakness and fatigue, and like your arms and legs
(30:30):
are weak, and it can lead to psychological and neurological consequences.
People can be like like tired and depressed and irritable,
have loss of appetite, have trouble remembering things. Yeah, I
mean it's enough to make you think it's my smartphone
made out of lead, but uh, it is, it's we
were actually talking about this before we recorded the episode,
(30:52):
like there's so much to the story of of of
our realization regarding the harmful effects of lead, that we
really need to come back to it and devote an
entire episode. Absolutely, yes, yes, absolutely, We're gonna do a
whole episode on lead someday soon, I think, maybe with
a special focus on the Lord of Lead, clar Cy Patterson.
But yeah, we we now know lead to have all
(31:12):
these problems, and they're also the long term consequences, right,
those are just like short term consequences. I was mentioning,
you know, it can there can be neurological damage from
long term exposure to lead. Enough lead in a concentrated
dose can kill you. They're definitely, uh like developmental problems
that children who have lead exposure experience. So it's uh yeah,
it's no joke. And the fact that humans have constantly
(31:33):
surrounded ourselves for centuries or even millennia with just constant
routes of exposure to to environmental lead is something that
is really horrifying and ridiculous. But I guess that's just
what we do. All right. We're gonna take a quick
break and when we come back We're going to get
back to this idea of lead as a food headed
song hanging there. Soon it'll be time to eat some
(31:56):
lead than Alright, we're back. Okay, it's Valentine's Day. What
do you get your sweetheart on Valentine's Day? Sometimes they're flowers?
But oh, I guess it's already there in the name, right,
you get your sweethearts some sweets. Now here's the question
I've wondered about before, but I've never found a good
answer to. Why is it that we associate sweet foods
(32:19):
with like eroticism but not so much like other flavors?
Like why isn't it that you get your sweethearts some
salty foods on Valentine's Day? Or you get them some
bitter foods or sour foods? Why sweet? I mean sweets
are a decadent treat, right, I mean I guess that's
part of it. Um, A sweet is something sweets or
(32:39):
something we've always were always craving and uh, and we're
just hardwired to want as much of it as possible,
given that it would be a rarity in the natural world.
But we also crave fat and salt. Why not like
for Valentine's Day, instead of a box of chocolates, it's
like a bag of pork crimes and a stick of butter. Well. Um,
I guess it would be harder to keep that secreted
(33:02):
away in the back of the closet for a week
or so. Um. But I don't know. I feel like
they're people celebrate cheeses on Valentine's You know, certainly there
are other foods that have a like a romantic or
afrodisiac uh, you know, vibe to them. Yeah, I guess so.
Uh you know, I guess part of what I'm wondering
is is that link between like love and eroticism and
(33:24):
sweet foods. Is that cultural or is there some biological
element to it? Oh? Man, We'll have to come back
and explore that. That would be that would be interesting
to look at, Like when you look at other cultures,
is there something else that is considered the romantic flavor profile? Um?
I don't know. You know, considering how many like Scandinavian
people have written into the show to to talk about
(33:46):
the wonders of salty licorice, I bet that's what they
use over there. Yeah. And plus it makes me wonder about, say,
Chinese traditions where there's so much emphasis placed on the
balance of different flavors. Uh, you know, how does impact
sort of ritualized sweets. All right, well, let's talk about
the sweetest of all sweets, sweet lead. So I found
(34:09):
what has got to be the best entry ever in
any Oxford Companions that was reading the Oxford Companion to
Sugar and Sweets. Yeah. So it's Oxford University Press, and
there's an entry in it by the American chemist Michelle M. Francil,
And this has just got to be one of the
best like Encyclopedia type entries I've ever read. So francial
(34:30):
writes about this substance called sugar of lead, also known
as lead lead acetate or lead to acetate. It looks
kind of like large salt crystals if you look it up,
or it looks maybe like translucent rock candy, the kind
of stuff you get on a little stick, right, Yeah,
but like sort of like white, translucent in color. And
(34:51):
Francile writes, quote, it is sweet roughly as sweet per
teaspoon as sugar, and only slightly more lethal than stricken.
So sugar of lead was used as like a medical
treatment in nineteenth century Europe, And even though it is sweet,
it is technically a salt, which is an electrically neutral
collection of positive ions and negative ions. And actually we
(35:13):
only think of salts as salty in flavor because the
most common salt that we refer to is sodium chloride
table salt. But salts don't have to be salty. Salts
can be bitter, and salts can be sweet, and in
this case it is sweet. So in lead acetate, this
collection of oppositely charged ions is made from di positive
lead ions and negatively charged acetate ions. And it turns
(35:37):
out sugar of lead is not the only sweet metallic salt.
Frens Will points out that lots of beryllium salts are
very sweet, so sweet in fact, that the Greek word
for the element beryllium is glucinium, from like glucose or glycos,
the Greek word for sweet. But as good as these
metal salts that are sweet taste, they are very bad
(35:58):
for you. Lead a state can be fatal to a
seventy or a hundred and fifty pound adult at a
dose of three teaspoons. So basically what you're saying is
that if anybody has any fancy dining plants this evening
and they see lead based sweeteners on the menu, I
would advise against it. Nevertheless, there is some evidence that
(36:21):
the ancient Romans used indirectly, I would say indirectly used
this lead salt as a kind of sweetener, or at
least as a way of avoiding other types of taste
imparted into their foods. So here's how this goes. The
Romans created a syrup that they called sapa, which was
produced by boiling down a liquid called must. Must is
(36:43):
basically weak wine. Frontal describes it as quote mildly fermented
grape juice, so there'll be a little bit of alcohol content,
maybe kind of like grape beer. Almost. Of course, must,
like wine, has some acid in it. It has acetic acid,
and acetic acid is the acid base is of vinegar.
Vinegar is usually just acetic acid diluted with water or
(37:04):
some other aqueous substance, and acetic acid provides acetate ions
which can react with metals in the pots where they
are boiled and uh and this can result in some salts.
So if you boil your must in a copper pot,
the resulting sappa will have some copper acetate salts in it,
and these taste really bad, like they're bitter. Even ancient
(37:27):
Roman writers would would comment on this. In the Natural History,
Plenty discusses the production of sappa and he writes, quote,
leaden vessels should be used for this purpose, not copper ones.
So it's like, get that copper out of there, makes
the sappa taste bad? You want lead? Except no less?
So why use lead? Because remember lead salts are sweets.
(37:48):
So not only does cooking in lead pots not foul
your sappa, it might make it even a little bit sweeter. Uh.
And this is a quote from This is a quote
from Francile's injury quote. Chemical analysis of sappa produced according
to recipes dating from the classical Roman period using kettles
of similar metallic composition as those found at POMPEII and
(38:09):
other sites, suggests that the lead content of sappa was
eight hundred and fifty milligrams per leader, many thousand times
higher than what is generally allowable in drinking water, even
diluted and used sparingly. Sweetening with sappa was a serious risk.
Now I have seen some people phrase this is like
that the lead pots were used specifically to make the
(38:34):
sappa sweeter, and Francis sort of disagrees with that because
she says the lead was probably not really intended to
add much sweetness to the wine because it wouldn't put
it wouldn't add that much. Really, you You'd already have
a pretty sweet substance and would be the equivalent of
adding like a pinch of sugar to it, So it
wouldn't make a huge difference. It was more that the
(38:54):
lead vessels, if they when they did add flavor, would
sort of complement the existing sweetness ra other than adding
a foul, bitter flavor like copper vessels would. Okay, so
in a blind taste test of the in which both
vessels have the same already sweet or semi sweet wine,
you're going to find that the leaden vessel is going
(39:16):
to impart a like a slightly sweeter, less foul experience. Well,
probably significantly less foul. But yeah, I don't know if
there's evidence that they thought of it, as the lead
comes out and makes it a lot sweeter. They just thought, oh,
you use lead pots it tastes way better. In the end. However,
this is one of those cases where we also can't
just make fun of the ancients. Because this this kind
(39:38):
of thing carried on into a ridiculously recent time. She
points out that the use of lead as a food
additive and treatment did not stop in Ancient Rome, and
that lead equipment and additives were used to prevent spoilage
in wine in some cases up until the nineteenth century.
Oh wow, now we do have to just drive home
for everybody, even though again we're not getting deep into
the the the the the dangers of lead in this episode. Please,
(40:04):
if you were, if you were tempted, all tempted it all,
do not go out and drink a bunch of wine
out of lead vessels just to to to test the
sweetening ability of the of the vessel. The amount of
lead you should be absorbing on purposes zero, whatever you're
accidentally getting from the environment is still probably more than
you want. And there's actually a lot more stuff that
(40:26):
There's been an ongoing argument over the years about the
role of lead ingestion and lead exposure in ancient Rome,
because before Ancient Rome there was lead. People did use
lead to make some objects, but it wasn't used in
wide like widespread construction and infrastructure and all that. The
Romans were the ones that really started using lead for
(40:47):
a lot of stuff, and in nine three, a Canadian
researcher named Jerome Riyagu argued that lead poisoning actually lead
to the downfall of the Roman Empire. You've probably heard
this before, Yeah, the idea that they just they built
up all of this lead essentially lead infrastructure and then
poisoned themselves with yeah, and cooked with this, especially the
cooking with lead vessels, I think. Um. And so this
(41:10):
has later been called into doubt by others who said,
you know, it doesn't necessarily seem like we can claim that,
but there's no doubt that many robins were exposed to
unsafe levels of lead. I was just looking at a
study from P and A. S by the by Delisle
at All called lead in Ancient Rome city waters, and
they found that the tap water, you know, basically the
(41:32):
aqueduct delivered water or delivered through some kind of lead infrastructure,
that water in ancient Rome would have roughly a hundred
times the lead content of local spring water. It's a
lot of lead, all right, was we we wind down here,
Let's just let's just talk once more about just the
properties of lead, right, And I wonder if in looking
at these properties, we can figure out what makes it
(41:55):
so special as as the opposite of the love inducing
golden arrow. Yeah, and and indeed, why Cupid would have
walked up to his possible father Vulcan and said, Hey,
what metal should you use to make my repulsion arrows?
What would make Vulcans say, oh, yeah, lead, Lead is
what you want? Okay? Well, one thing we know about
lead is that, for a metal, has a pretty low
(42:16):
melting point right right, And this means it's a lot
easier to cast with requires less equipment, and it made
an ideal solder component. Ye, So if you want to
melt something easily to like seal things together, I think yeah,
and I've read this also makes it like an attractive
additive if you're like casting something in a mold. Right.
And then to your point earlier, like it was there
(42:37):
as a byproduct of going after other metals, so it
was available, um onto onto. An addition, we've talked about
this a little bit. Lead is dnse. It is. It's
a heavy metal, and leads density is due to its
high atomic mass, short bond lengths, and a small atomic radius.
And this along with its high number of electrons needed
(42:57):
to maintain a neutral charge, makes it a useful radiation
shield in our modern world, a scattering X rays and
gamma rays. Yeah, and so you'll actually see it in
use in places where there's a radiation risk. There are
sometimes lead blocks deployed as a as basically a like
the sand bags of the radiation world. Yeah. I mean,
my my father was a dentist and and so I
(43:20):
was often hanging out in dental offices, and part of
that is being being near an X ray machine and
of course that big, big heavy lead line smock that lead. Yeah.
So so yeah, you see, you see this kind of
radiation shielding all over. It kind of makes me think
back to our our our episode on the X ray
machine that we did for Invention. So certainly if you
(43:43):
want more on on the use of X rays and
the dangers of radiation associated with that with X rays,
I highly recommend that episode of our other show Invention.
And then the third major attribute of lead is that
it is soft and it's malleable. Uh, it's limited usage somewhat.
You know, while God might be able to craft an
arrow out of it or coat an arrow with lead anyway,
(44:04):
you're not gonna be able to fashion anything with it
that can sustain any real stress. But when you're talking
about something like water and sewage pipes or cooking vessels,
Uh yeah, that that is an area where lead can
can excel as long as you're not getting into questions
of whether it will poison you or not. Just from
a physical and a physical basis, it can get the
job done. You wouldn't want like a lead hammer, though,
(44:27):
I think you can have like lead alloy hammers and
stuff like. You can use alloys to strengthen metals that
are inherently soft. So coming back to Cupid, I mean
maybe the idea is that the leaden arrows or somehow
combating the radiation of intense passionate love. The power of
love is actually a it's a it's a type of ray.
(44:49):
It's what's beyond gamma rays. Yeah, and you've got to
scatter those love rays. And the only way to do
it is with with some high end um God forged
a leaden ammunition. I'm seeing another residence here because one
of the sources we didn't mention. So we talked about
how lead can be created in like events in space
inside like a dying star and the collision of neutron stars.
(45:11):
We also didn't talk about another. I think it probably
accounts for a much much smaller percentage of it. But
lead can be created as the byproduct of radioactive decay sometimes,
like uranium can decay into some isotopes of lead. So
maybe if we're considering that love is a type of
radioactivity or type of ray, they're actually lead represents what
(45:34):
happens when love dies in decays, you know, like so
like love fades and eventually it becomes lead. What starts
as this golden, splendid, sharp arrow becomes this blunt, dull,
lusterless instrument. We have crucified this myth and taken out
all of the beauty and turned it into a chemical Frankenstein.
(45:55):
I'm so proud of us. Yeah, I I feel like
we have. We've done a good job here today, taking
the candy coated and kind of lame holiday of Valentine's Day,
and I think we've injected some fresh life into it.
We've fed it a lot of lead and uh and
and there and uh and in doing so, we've we've
killed off a lot of the the more irritable aspects
(46:19):
of the holiday. Sweet sweet lead. Yes, so big takeaways
from from today. Don't eat lead sugar, right, don't do
not do it. Don't cook in lead pots, right, don't
drink from lead leading vessels if you have a choice
in the matter. Be wary of gods with bows and arrows,
(46:39):
and and keep in mind that, yeah, Cupid has two arrows,
so if he's aiming at you, uh, it's kind of
a toss up which one he's trying to hit you with.
And sometimes even the great God Pan gets out wrestled exactly.
All right, So we're gonna close out the special Valentine's
Day episode of Stuff to Blow Your Mind. But as always,
if you want to check out more episodes of the show,
(46:59):
you can always head it over to stuff to Blow
your Mind dot com. That's the mother ship. That's where
you will find all the episodes of the show. You'll
find links out to various social media accounts. You can
of course find us anywhere you get podcasts. That's that's
true across the board, So just search for us there.
So wherever you find us, subscribe, and if you have
the power to do so on these platforms, give us
(47:21):
a rating. Throw as many stars as possible at us.
The Golden Kind, not the lead ones uh, and then
leave a nice message about how how awesome the show is,
because you know these these may seem like small things,
but they really help us out in the long run.
Huge thanks as always to our excellent audio producers Alex
Williams and try Harrison. If you would like to get
in touch with us directly with feedback about this episode
(47:43):
or any other to suggest topic for the future, we're
just to say hi. You can email us at blow
the Mind at how stuff works dot com for more
on this and thousands of other topics. Does it how
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