A Condensed History of Rhodesia

In 1888, Cecil Rhodes and John Smith Moffat duped the king of the Ndebele people into a treaty which led to the expansion of British territory in Africa. From then until the late 1900s, Rhodesia was governed by a white minority. Read the show notes here.

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Episode Transcript

Speaker 1 (00:00):
Welcome to Stuff you missed in History Class from house
works dot Com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast. I'm
Tracy Vie Wilson and I'm Holly Frying. So a couple
of weeks ago, we did an episode on Britain's child
migrant program in which the British Empire sent children to

(00:25):
live in Canada and Australia and Rhodesia and other parts
of the Empire, and the focus on that episode was
really on Australia. A lot of the children who were
sent to Australia wound up living in just horrifying conditions,
and the governments of Great Britain and Australia later formally
apologized for that whole thing. In that episode, we mentioned
Rhodesia really almost in passing. It was almost like an aside.

(00:49):
I knew very little about Rhodesia and its history, and
most of my research on that previous episode was really
on Canada and Australia, so we really did not give
Rhodesia a lot of attention aside from that very brief
passing mention. The day after we recorded, though, a gunman
killed nine people at Emmanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church, in Charleston,

(01:12):
South Carolina. A suspect was later named as Dylan Roth
and he confessed to the shooting, and pictures of him
wearing a jacket with a Rhodesian flag on it eventually
went viral. So suddenly our passing mention of Rhodesia seemed
really woefully inadequate. But at that point we could not
really redo that episode. So today we are going to

(01:33):
remedy that with some context on Rhodesia and why the
Rhodesian flag is associated with white supremacy today. Today, the
territory that was once known as Rhodesia is two different nations,
Zambia to the north and Zimbabwe to the south. Our
primary focus in this episode is really the southern part

(01:54):
of the territory, but to set the stage, we're going
to talk a bit about how both of them came
to be so. For centuries, this part of Africa has
been home to a number of Bantu speaking peoples. One
of these peoples, who were the ancestors of the Shona people,
created an immense city known as Great Zimbabwe, which according

(02:14):
to legend, is also the home of the Queen of Sheba.
It's estimated that more than ten thousand people lived in
Great Zimbabwe at its peak. The city was so massive
and so complex that European colonists thriving in the area
in the eighteen hundreds actually credited its creation to foreign
visitors like Egyptians or Phoenicians, rather than having to be

(02:35):
the work of Africans, which is what it actually was. Today.
Great Zimbabwe is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In the
mid to late eighteen hundreds, those European explorers and colonists
generally came into the region from the South. One of
them was Cecil Rhods, who had been sent to South
Africa in eighteen seventy to work on his brother, Herbert's

(02:56):
cotton farm rather than going to university. So I'm gonna
find very briefly about his time prior to becoming involved
in what would later be Rhodesia. When Cecil Rhodes arrived
in South Africa, his brother had actually already abandoned this
farm in favor of a much more lucrative pursuit, which
was diamond mining. Cecil convinced Herbert to come back to

(03:18):
the farm, and they did try to make it go
for a year or so, but in eighteen seventy one,
the two of them both moved to Kimberly once again
in pursuit of diamonds. And although Cecil rhodes health had
not been especially good for much of his life, he
was super ambitious and in eighteen eighty one he finished
a degree and he later co founded De Beer's Consolidated

(03:39):
Minds with C. D. Rudd and with the help of
their friend Albert Bit, de Beers established a monopoly that
eventually controlled nine of the world's production of diamonds. When
when we say ambitious here, he had aspirations like expanding
the British Empire as far as possible, including reclaim in

(04:00):
the United States, which at this point had been independent
for Britain for a while. So he had very high
aspirations in terms of the British Empire, especially so the
de Beers diamond Cartel and the diamond trade could be
a whole other podcast, and in fact it has been
both on this show and on our prior podcast called

(04:20):
Pop Stuff. But long story short, Cecil Rhodes did not
really just get behind the idea of making a bunch
of money and then hoarding it. He wanted to put
that wealth into action and so he made his way
into politics in one hoping to really transform this diamond
wealth into political power, both in the context of the
British Empire as I just mentioned, and then also the

(04:41):
politics of Africa and other imperial powers within Africa. After
a while, and including a number of other events that
we're not going to get into because it's outside the
scope of this episode. He wanted to get into gold
mining in what is now Zimbabwe. To do that, he
needed to secure rights from King Loban Goula, ruler of

(05:03):
the However, Loeban Goula did not trust him or any
other white person apart from missionaries. So Cecil Rhodes teamed
up with Congregationalist John Smith Moffatt and together they persuaded
Loeban Goula to sign an exclusive treaty of friendship in
February of eight So from there they started trying to

(05:25):
get Loban Goula to give them mining concessions, which he
was very extremely reluctant to do. He was pretty sure
that if he gave these, you know, European people rights
to his land that they were never going to leave.
But in October of the state of the same year,
after lots of pressure, he finally did grant mining concessions,
but what he actually signed did not just give them

(05:47):
rights to mine his territory. He basically signed away control
of the kingdom. And with those concessions in hand, Rhodes
went right to the British government seeking a Royal charter
to start the British South Africa Company, with the goal
of expanding British territory in that part of Africa. The
charter was granted in eighteen eighty nine. The initial charter

(06:08):
was for twenty five years and that was extended for
ten more years in nineteen fifteen, begetting in eighteen ninety,
which is the same year that Cecil Rhodes also took
up the post of Prime Minister of Cape Colony. The
British South Africa Company expanded British territory into what's now
Zambia and Malawi. So this was way beyond the original

(06:29):
territory that was initially negotiated with King Logan Goula. And
there are a zillion other things we could talk about
when it comes to Cecil Rhods life in his activities
in Africa, but we actually need to move ahead in
Zimbabwe's history specifically, and we're gonna do that, but first
we were going to have a brief word from a sponsor.
They're going to trace the arc of Rhodesian history through

(06:53):
its independence from Britain. In the eighteen nineties, under the
British South Africa Company, Great Britain acquired an appropriate aided
the territory that would become Northern and Southern Rhodesia, built
new infrastructure, including lots of railroad, and used the Paramilitary
force as law enforcement. The British South Africa Company made
money through mining and agriculture, as well as on collecting customs,

(07:16):
duties and other taxes and fees on paper. The British
South Africa Company often got the consent of local African
leaders before beginning operations, but as had been the case
with King Loeban Goula, this consent was often reluctantly given
at best, and Loeban Goula himself actually fled the region
in eight three following an armed resistance by the Nadeblay

(07:40):
against British advance. There were also multiple instances of the
company running well passed what was actually agreed to once
that consent was actually given, and sometimes the company evaded
UH working with local governments without getting their consent at all,
and naturally the coal people often put up a lot

(08:01):
of resistance to this, including armed resistance. So the law
enforcement arm of the company became a fighting force to
try to put down local descent. There was extensive fighting
between the African population and the British South Africa Company
until eight and when I made that passing aside in
our British Migrant Child Migrant Program episode two, what was

(08:25):
happening in Rhodesia, Like, those are the sorts of things
that I just thought were happening, Like the things that
very frequently have happened in the like history of colonialism
in terms of UH, like making unequal treaties and putting
down local resistance with force and that kind of like,
those are the sort of things that I thought were

(08:45):
probably going on in Rhodesia when I made that one
passing aside. The British South Africa Company administered Southern Rhodesia
until ninety three, but after the end of World War One,
Rhodesia started pressuring the comp need to be allowed to
govern itself. Eventually, a Royal commission studied the issue. Ultimately

(09:06):
offering two options. Southern Rhodesia could join the Union of
South Africa or become self governing. So this issue was
put to a vote. But the thing was the only
people who had the right to vote were the thirty
four thousand Europeans living in Rhodesia, not the African population
of Rhodesia, who did not have the right to vote.

(09:26):
The vote wound up going in favor of self self
government for Southern Rhodesia. So Rhodesia at this point became
a self governing British colony UH, with Britain retaining control
of external affairs for Southern Rhodesia and having legislative power
UH basically a veto power over issues that would directly

(09:47):
affect the African population. The British Colonial Office took control
of Northern Rhodesia in UR and as we said at
the top of the show, that's now Zambia, and from
here on out we're going to focus on the souther
Durn part of Rhodesia going forward. We're also going to
skip ahead by about forty years, and during much of
that forty years, Ordes's economy did grow. Overall, a lot

(10:10):
of the money came from mining copper and gold and
other materials, as well as raising cattle and growing crops
like corn and tobacco. For a lot of that time,
the White government operated with an attitude that Africans could
eventually take over governing Rhodesia once they were experienced enough
to cooperate with other governments on an international scale and

(10:30):
basically keep up the economic progress that had been made
under White rule. This changed radically under Prime Minister Ian
Douglas Smith, who took office in April of nineteen sixty four.
He was a war hero from the Royal Air Force
who had survived both crashing and being shot down, and
had returned home with damage to one eye and part
of his face. From the very beginning of his entry

(10:52):
into Rhodesian politics, he wanted to protect white minority rule.
For a little more on his political background. In nineteen
forty eight, Smith had been elected to the Southern Rhodesian
Assembly and he joined the governing Federal Party in nineteen
fifty three. He continued to be part of this party
until nineteen sixty one. The thing that prompted him to
leave was that the Federal Party supported a new constitution

(11:16):
which would have allowed Black Africans in Rhodesia to have
a bigger part in parliament. Black Africans were at this
point a huge majority, but had very little representation in
the white government. So with the Federal Party supporting this
new constitution, Smith, who disagreed, broke away from it and
helped fund a new party called the Rhodesian Front. The

(11:38):
party platform of the Rhodesian Front included gaining independence from
Britain and continuing to govern Rhodesia via a white minority
and not handing over power to the majority black population.
The Rhodesian Front gained support from white supremacists and they
won the election in nineteen sixty two. That same year,
the U n General Assembly called for a more their

(12:00):
World constitution that would allow equal representation for the black
population in Rhodesia. In nineteen sixty four, Smith became Prime
Minister of Rhodesia, making him the first native born prime
minister of the nation, and he basically got to work
trying to cement white rule over Rhodesia and to keep
the country existing in a state of apartheid. He refused

(12:21):
to even discuss reforms to the constitution that would let
the majority black population have a proportional voice in the government,
and he arrested and banned black nationalist leaders. Organized Black
African resistance to minority white rule had really started to
grow basically as soon as Rhodesia had become a self
governing colony, and by the nineteen sixties, black nationalist groups

(12:43):
were emerging as an organized presence within the country. This
included the Zimbabwe African People's Union or ZAPPU and the
Zimbabwe African National Union or ZANU, and two prominent leaders
within these movements where Joshua Tacomo and Robert Ugave. Relationships
with Great Britain were also starting to sour. At this point,

(13:06):
Smith tried to negotiate with Britain for total independence, but
the British government's position was that Rhodesia's black population needed
to have a voice in its government that reflected the
size of its population. At this point, there were two
hundred and twenty thousand white Rhodesians and almost four million
Black Rhodesians, almost none of whom were permitted to vote
or hold office, so distributing power so that the races

(13:32):
could be represented equally was something that Smith absolutely refused
to consider, even though it was literally the one thing
that would have made Great Britain open to the idea
of Rhodesian independence. Eventually, negotiations between Rhodesia and Great Britain's
totally broke down. So on November eleven, n Ian Smith
issued the Unilateral Declaration of Independence also called the u

(13:54):
d I, in which Rhodesia declared its independence from Great Britain.
He said this was the only to maintain quote civilized standards.
The tone of this document is like very similar to
the but the like United States Declaration of Independence from Britain,
but the wording of it is has a whole other subtext.

(14:16):
It's basically like, we've been governing ourselves for this long
and we have seen repeatedly other nations have their own
populations take over and it hasn't gone as well. So
we respect you, your majesty, but we're independent now. That
basically what it boils down to. So uh, this Unilateral
Declaration of Independence did not go over well, and it

(14:37):
did not go over well on an international scale. The
international community was outraged and most nations did not recognize
or Dies as a legitimate country at all. For a
sense of the timing of when this all happened. This
was two years after the March on Washington and Martin
Luther King Jr. So I have a Dream speech was
a year after President Lyndon Johnson signed the Civil Rights

(14:58):
Act of nineteen sixty four and Martin Luther King Jr.
Was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. It was the same
year as the Selma to Montgomery March and the passage
of the Voting Rights Act in the United States. So
happening concurrently with Black Americans seeking the rights that had
already been granted to them in the Constitution. Black Africans
and Rhodesia were seeking the right to participate in the

(15:20):
government basically at all, and Ian Smith had gone so
far as to declare independence from Great Britain. Rather than
do that, at Britain's request, the U N. Security Council
imposed economic sanctions against Rhodesia in nineteen sixty six, the
first time it had used this tactic. Smith responded by

(15:40):
defaulting on all of Rhodesia's debts, which were backed by
Great Britain, and that put Britain on the hook for
everything that Rhodesia owned. It's basically a very novel way
of uh stabbing Great Britain's economy while balancing the Rhodesian economy. Uh.
There's also an argument to be made that that this

(16:02):
all would have been over very quickly if Britain had
invaded Rhodija, but Britain did not want to do that.
So Smith got off all times with Great Britain and
started the wheels turning on a new constitution for Rhodesia,
and one that would, instead of eventually handing over power
to the black majority, one that would make Rhodesia a
republic while guaranteeing that the rule of that republic would

(16:24):
be solidly, solidly in the hands of a white minority permanently.
All of this was put to a vote, but the
people who had the right to vote in Rhodesia at
this point were overwhelmingly white, so Smith's plan passed by
a landslide. Parliament passed the new constitution in November of
nineteen sixty nine, and Rhodesia declared itself a republic on

(16:46):
the following March second. So in this point, the several
of the black nationalist organizations that had already existed in
Rhodesia banded together to form the Patriotic Front Both Joshua
and Como and Robert Robert mcgavey were involved in this organization.
The Patriotic Front started leading guerrilla warfare efforts to try

(17:06):
to take control of Rhodesia back from the minority to
the majority. As the Patriotic Front fought against the Rhodesian
armed forces, the economy of Rhodesia started to crumble under
the strain. White Rhodesians started to emigrate out of Rhodesia,
and this war went on until nineteen Nearly thirty thousand

(17:28):
people died, and most of those people were Black Africans.
There are a lot of reasons why this went on
for so long, uh that some of them were that,
like number one, guerrilla fighting tends to be drawn out
and kind of horrible. But in addition to that, there
were several factions within the African population, and sometimes they

(17:48):
were good at working together, and then sometimes they had
sort of fundamentally different viewpoints on how things should proceed,
and it just became this long, long, drawn out conflict
that was pretty brutal and gruesome. Finally, in nineteen seventy seven,
after immense pressure from diplomatic and economic and military directions,
Smith started negotiating with Able Musariwa, who was of the

(18:12):
United African National Council. He was a moderate Black Rhodesian
leader and a bishop and the Methodist Church. Power started
to be transferred from the minority white government to black
Rhodesians in nineteen seventy eight, although at this point the
goal was to give black Rhodesians the right to vote
while still protecting the interests of the white ruling class.

(18:33):
At this point, Rhodesia also became known as Rhodesia Zimbabwe.
In nineteen seventy nine, in an election in which the
black population had much greater access to voting rights, the
United African National Council won a majority of the seats
that had been allotted for black citizens, but the u
a n C did not actually have the support of
the Patriotic Front. One of the reasons for this was

(18:55):
actually because this new plan basically guaranteed the white minority
a certain proportion of seats in the government so that
they would continue to be represented in the government. But
the Patriotic Front really wanted the Zimbabwe or what would
be Zimbabwe, to become like a black national state, so
they were opposed to their being representation for the white

(19:17):
minority in the government. That was why this continued uh
to have guerilla warfare going on, because the Patriotic Front
didn't really agree with the plan that had been put
into place. So at the end of that year, Britain
briefly took control again until a new round of elections
could be held. ZANU, which had taken the name Zimbabwe

(19:38):
African National Union Patriotic Front, one a majority of seats
and Robert Mugabe became the first Prime Minister of Zimbabwe.
On April eighteenth, nineties, Zimbabwe gained recognition as an independent state.
So after all that, it seems kind of obvious why
the flag of Rhodesia might be associated with white supremacy

(19:59):
to but there is actually a whole other layer to
this story, not just because Rhodesia was operated as a
white supremacist state with Ian Smith as the prime minister.
A lot of it actually has to do with Zimbabwe
and the intervening years since it became an internationally recognized
state up until today. When Robert Mugabe became Prime Minister

(20:21):
of Zimbabwe, his goal was to move the nation towards
being a one party socialist state in which disparities between
races and classes were abolished. The ongoing warfare and strife
had also damaged the economy, and the infrastructure and social
services needed big investments as well. If you ever watched
the international news, you know that Robert mcgavey still leads Zimbabwe.

(20:44):
He's now the executive president after having changed the constitution
in and a lot of those intervening years have been
extremely troubled, to put it extremely mildly. At the very
beginning of its existence as a recognized state, Zimbabwe way
experienced drought, continued white immigration out of the country, and
a very slow recovery from the tens of thousands of

(21:07):
deaths during the warfare that led to its independence. Zimbabwe
then went through five years of civil war after Mugabe
charged Joseph Nacomo with plotting a coup against it, and
in the nation lost its international aid after intervening in
the Democratic Republic of Congo's own civil war, purportedly so
Mugabe could protect his own interests. There. There were a

(21:31):
series of land management programs that were meant to return
land that had previously been seized or otherwise gained not
necessarily uh ethically by the Europeans, and a lot of
those backfired. In some cases, for example, farms were seized
and then not put back into production, which forced the
people who had been working there into unemployment. In other cases,

(21:52):
seized farmland was put back into production, but without experienced
farmers to keep things running smoothly. All of this fur
are depressed Zimbabwe's economy while also leading to food shortages.
Although the economy did grow between uh two thousand ten
and two thousand thirteen, it was by that point just
deeply damaged, and it slowed significantly in two and the

(22:16):
nation has suffered from extreme inflation as it printed more
money to make up for its deficit. There is also
a lot of criticism of Mugabe himself as his popularity
has waned. Elections in Zimbabwe have increasingly been described by
international observers observers as neither free nor fair somebod These
are a little more recent history than we normally get

(22:38):
into in depth on the podcast, but there are whole
weird shenanigans with voter suppression and coercion and violence, and
in one case uh an election that Mugabe lost but
there was not a majority, so there had to be
a runoff and then he won the runoff, and that
whole thing appears very suspicious to a lot of people. Currently,

(23:01):
according to the CIA World Factbook, Zimbabwe's life expectancy at
birth is just fifty five years by estimates, the adult
prevalence rate for HIV and Zimbabwe is almost fifteen percent.
So white supremacists adoption of the Rhodesian flag as an
emblem is really about the comparison of Rhodesia under white rule,

(23:25):
when the black population was deeply discriminated against, but the
nation was prospering on paper and afterward when the majority
is adequately represented in the government, but the nation itself
is home to just years and years of struggle and
strife and a leader who has become notorious in a
lot of ways around the globe for various uh reasons,

(23:49):
like dal I could be a whole other show. So
not the most happy fun time, but it does contextualize
a little bit. While why in the news there was
so much commentary about the photos that had emerged of
Dylan Roth and his jacket that had the Rhodesian flag
on it. Yeah, he also had a flag of like

(24:11):
a South African apartheid era flag, which it was more
obvious to a lot of people, like the story of
apartheid in South Africa. I think he's a lot more
known to people today than probably, uh, the story of Rhodesia.
I say that in part because also one of the
reasons that I have a suspicion that that the story
of Rhodesia is a lot less well known is that

(24:33):
after I had been researching the podcast on the child
Migrant Program, but before Rhodesia suddenly became national news, I
was actually in a room of trivia pub trivia with
lots of smart people, and one of the questions was
about why Rhodesia declared its independence for Britain. Uh, No
one knew. I knew part of the story, which was

(24:56):
the part where they had been trying to maintain a
privileged white ruling class, like not the whole story of
declaring independence from Britain in order to maintain a state
of white supremacy. So I have a much lighter topic
for some listener mail. I know you have a lighter
topic for listener mail, So let's move to that because

(25:16):
it's gonna be a little bit fun. It is a
little bit fun. I have email from Larry who wrote
to us after our episode UM on the archaeological work
regarding the Harvard Indian School, which was actually Holly's episode.
You may have noticed that normally when we do listener mail,
Holly often reads mail that's related to episodes that she
was the primary researcher on. I often read mail related

(25:40):
to the episodes that I was a primary researcher on,
doing the opposite today because that, uh, that episode was
entirely Holly's ball game. Uh. But I'm going to take
this email for reasons that are about to come obvious,
So Larry says, first off, First off, I love the podcast.
I always like hearing about local events that I never
knew happened locally, as especially this most recent podcast. There

(26:02):
was one pronunciation in the beginning of the episode that
caught me off guard. Massachusetts cities and areas have weird
pronunciations Wooster, haverl, Lester, etcetera. And for those of you
not looking at this email with me, on paper, those
look like Worcester, haver Hill and Leicester Peabody. It's also
the same. I could be a mistaken since it is

(26:24):
the museum name, but the town of Peabody is pronounced peabody.
Keep rolling out the podcast. It makes my job driving
to sites as a wastewater engineer more enjoyable. Thanks or regards, Larry.
So thank you Larry for sending this note. For a
couple of reasons. When pod Holly and I had a
whole conversation about whether to re record, like the time

(26:45):
that she said peabody because it looks like peabody on paper,
I think of English speakers would probably in America say Peabody.
And Diana and Trish were so gracious they did not
correct me because they're very sweet women. Didn't want to
be Yeah, you said peabody on the phone with them. Uh.

(27:05):
We had the only reason though, that I know that
that Pbody Massachusetts and the Pbody Museum, which are both
named after George Pbody, And I don't know why he
said his name that way. The only reason I know
that's how those are pronounced that way is because I
live here. Now you've actually lived there for a while now,
a bit surprise everyone. So basically, uh, we've talked about

(27:30):
my fiance before. He lives here in Massachusetts. Uh, his
job is infinitely less portable than my job is, and
so I moved. Uh, And our plan was that we
were going to move. I was going to move. We
didn't both move. Uh, I was gonna move. We were
gonna make sure everything still worked with the podcast, and

(27:53):
then we were going to tell people. But because of
the lag time between when we record podcasts and when
they come out, once we had a stabblished that everything
was fine and the podcast still worked and we were
still able to do it and people were still enjoying it. Uh,
it seemed really awkward. So then be like, oh, by
the way, this happened. Um. So basically, we're really glad

(28:14):
that that Larry Stones because it seems like a good
segue uh to a secret that was previously known to
like people at work, friends and family, Uh, some random
folks who went to a Western Massachusetts meet up with
John Hodgman uh and the audience of Stuff you Should
Know his live show in Massachusetts, which I will admit

(28:37):
was a reason why we were like, we should probably
explain this to everybody before they're like, Hey, what is
going on with this thing that I heard from Stuff
you Should Know. Yeah. So, we we've had a couple
of times when people have we've had visitors to the
office or whatever, and they've been like, Hey, that's so cool.
Is Tracy here, And I'm like, she's not in today,

(28:57):
she's teleworking today, which is true, but I didn't but
the cat wasn't out of the bag and it wasn't
my information to just blurt out so right, So that
cat is out of that bag. Now. Thank you, Larry
for being your segue to that announcement that uh oh right,
Nate to Mayo also, uh, when we recently sacked Nate
to Mayo, he was like, yeah, I thought it was
kind of weird that you went on a vacation to

(29:20):
uh to Dover. How would you get there from from Atlanta?
And the answer is on a train from Boston. Yeah. Uh,
now you know. Now you know the only one of
us is in Atlanta and the other is in Boston.
So that's the scoop a roo. Once in a while,

(29:40):
I mean, Tracy comes back to the House of Works
main office usually about once a month and sometimes if
you record here, but usually it's online. So yep, the
internet is a magical thing. Word. Uh So, thanks very
much Larry for writing to us about Peabody. I do
not know why. George Peabody said his name that way.
I did google why did George Peveny pronounce the name

(30:03):
in that way? And I did not find answer. Uh,
it doesn't look exactly like Peabody. So anyway you'd like
to write to us about this or any other podcast,
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We're also on Facebook at facebook dot com, slash mis
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(30:25):
spreadshirt store where you can get lots of shirts, including
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a real heart. I love that one. Uh. If you
would like to learn more about what we talked about today,
you can come to our parent company's website, which is
how stuff Works dot com. And if you put the
word Zimbabwe in the search bar, you're gonna find a
couple of articles. One is the top ten most dangerous

(30:46):
places you should definitely visit. Yeah, there is top ten
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(31:07):
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