Denmark's Early Royalty and the Jelling Stones

The beginning of Denmark's monarchy more than a thousand years ago is linked to two large rune stones at Jelling. Is it possible that the stones were part of an effort on Harald Blåtand's part to revise the history of his parents, Gorm and Thyre?

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Episode Transcript

Speaker 1 (00:00):
Welcome to Stuff you missed in History Class from house
works dot com. Hello and welcome to the podcast. I'm
Holly Frying and I'm Tray C. V. Wilson. Hey, Tracy,
do you want a time travel quite a ways today
I do put on whatever outfit works for that, UM
that's comfy. So we're traveling back in time about a

(00:23):
thousand years or so to Viking Denmark. And we've talked
about before. It's come up kind of in passing that
the word Viking gets used to, uh kind of lump
together a lot of different things, So we're not gonna
talk about Viking things a whole lot. Just know that
this falls under that category. Well, and sometimes we will
get emails from people that's sake you do a podcast

(00:44):
on the history of the Vikings, And that answer is no,
because well, it would be an entirely new UM podcast brand.
That would be series, a hundred part series called the
History of the Vikings. It would be great. There's a
lot of stuff, and part of it, as well discussed today,
is that a lot of that history is still contentiously

(01:07):
debated among historians. Uh So, I mean it's rich and
fertile soil to do an entire podcast about but you know,
we cover all kinds of history, So today we're doing
this one little narrow bit, and we're talking about the
Yelling dynasty of Denmark. If that's something you want to
go do a search for on your own. Yelling is
spelled to the J at the beginning, so it's like

(01:27):
jelling if you look at it, and you're normally a
an American English speaker. So the Yelling dynasty is often
referred to as the beginning of the Danish monarchy, and
that point, just as many points that we'll talk about,
is argued by historians, and rightly so, because there were
certainly people there who had leadership of some sort before that. Uh,

(01:48):
But this is when it first started being called Denmark,
and this is a time and place in history where
our knowledge is really pretty fuzzy. So keep all of
that in mind as we go forward. So part of
the problem with this particular piece of history stems from
the fact that around the year twelve hundred, two different
historians wrote the first known written accounts of Denmark's early royalty.

(02:10):
Both been Aggisson and Saxo Grammaticus describe the people and
events evolved in great detail, but those two accounts contradicted
each other in a whole lot of instances. We don't
even know how much of the writing and He's in
each case is the recording of oral history that had
been handed down, which would automatically include some shifts in
its accuracy, versus how much could have been could have

(02:32):
been author embellishment and the result of viewing the information
through their own contemporary lenses. So there's a lot of
fuzziness there is. Uh. It's one of the reasons I'm
sometimes reluctant to do things from this period. I feel
like we have to caveat everything and go, you don't
know this for sure, so that will happen. Just brace uh,

(02:54):
and to start off in a nebulous place. We do
not know when God Gamle or Gorm the Old who
was often cited as the first King of Denmark was born.
As a personal side note, that is Gorm g o
r M. For my nerdy friends out there. If you
think I didn't type this g O r in every
single time, initially rest assured that I did. But there

(03:16):
is absolutely no Star Trek reference in the Estimates for
Gorm's birth state are all over the place from the
late eight hundreds through the early nine hundreds, and we
do not know as well who Gorm's mother was. Gorm's father,
Heart had left his son in a state of land
that he had claimed through force, and Gorm augmented the

(03:38):
family's property holdings. This was the time when Denmark wasn't
one united kingdom. It was just the assortment of provinces,
and each was governed by a chief who served as
its king. Eventually, Gorm had accumulated a really significant chunk
of land, and Gore married a woman named Tira or
Tira sometimes you'll hear it pronounced in both this. N

(03:59):
Aggisson Saxo Grammaticus accounts she came from England, although we
do not know if that is accurate. The identity of
her parents is unknown, although she may well have been
part of a powerful or wealthy family. There's certainly some
indication of that, and thus that she was strategically important
in marriage. Her father has been guessed at as any

(04:19):
number of historically significant figures, from Ethelred of Wessex to
the king of Jutland at the time, who was Harold Klak.
According to legend, Gorm promised to give Tira all of
Denmark as a morning gift, as a gift given by
a husband to his wife the morning after their marriage
is consummated. But according to customs of other Scandinavian cultures

(04:40):
at the time, the morning gift was actually inherited by
the wife only after the husband's death. So can I
keep this bit tucked away in your memory, because towards
the end of this episode we're going to talk about
this establishment of lineage and inheritance. Gorm and Tira had children,
and depending on what source you look at, the number
and sexes of those children vary. You might see only

(05:03):
Harold Blotton Gormson listed as a son, or Harold and
his brother Canude. Donna asked, sometimes there's another son, and
on occasion there's also a sister mentioned, So somewhere between
one and four children. According to one legend if it
mentions the brother Canude, Canude was killed in a skirmish
with another power, and Tira had the entire hall of

(05:26):
the royal house either painted black or hung with black cloth,
and walking in and seeing that darkened hall was how
Gorm found out the news of his son's demise. As
a side note, the name Latin in Harold's name translates
to bluetooth. We don't know why exactly he had that name,
although the most common speculation is that he had a visible,

(05:47):
visibly damaged or rotten tooth. And yes, we're going to
come back to that name in modern technology later on.
And I should mention I should have mentioned it at
the top of the episode. Uh, this was sugested by
a listener, I believe on social and I don't have
the name attached to it. So whoever you are, thank you,
because this was lovely and he specifically mentioned it because

(06:08):
of the name Bluetooth. So going back in when his
queen Tira died, Gorm had a runed stone erected in
her memory. The stone is significant and that it's the
first known time a king of Denmark referenced his country
by that name. It's also the oldest known example of
a Danish king's words, and this stone refers to Tira

(06:28):
as the pride of Denmark. Sometimes you'll also see it
written now as the adornment of Denmark. Some histories, though,
indicate that Tira actually outlived her husband. There are also
medieval texts that are really unclear as to this whole timeline.
Tira's impact on the narrative of Denmark's early history as
a monarch is also characterized in it's a lot of
different ways. Sometimes it's credited she's credited with saving the

(06:51):
country from conquest. Sometimes she's credited with saving Denmark from
a famine. She's also in some writings cast as the
architect of afforda fine wall along Denmark's southern border, although
archaeologists have determined that the wall that the tail were
first he was built long before her time as queen,
in the early seven hundreds or maybe even earlier, And

(07:12):
so we don't know the exact year of Tira's death,
But because Gorm referred to himself as king on her
ruined stone, and again, as we said, this is all nebulous,
and we're going to talk a lot about the stones
in the timeline in a moment. But based on his
rude stone, it appears to have been after his reign began,
which was four and in the winter of ninety eight
nine fifty nine, Gorm the Old died and at the

(07:36):
time he was possibly laid to rest in the same
burial mound as Queen Tira, now known as the North Mound.
But again we do not know the exact location of
Tira's burial, So this is another one of those hazy points.
We are going to come back to Tira's resting place
and this stone. As I said in just a bit,
Harold blattin Gormson became the King of Denmark when Corn

(07:57):
when gorm died, and at the time the Viking kingdom
was polytheistic. But Harold perhaps knew that converting to Christianity
would open the door to trade with other European powers,
and so he decided that the Dames would be Christians.
And as with all aspects of this story, this conversion
to Christianity is characterized in multiple different ways in historical writings.

(08:19):
By some accounts, he was more or less forced into
transitioning the country's religion to Christianity, ever after having been
bested in battle by a Christian nation, but in other
writings he's described as coming to this decision through his
own interest and eventual spiritual conversion. His reign was one
of relative peace within Denmark, although he did meet with
a mix of success and failure in his efforts to

(08:40):
expand Denmark's lands through conquest. King Harold died in the
autumn of nine eighty. His sons, Finn fork Beard may
have been a rebellious upstart with eyes on the Yelling throne,
and one of his supporters, one of spinn supporters, may
have been the one to have shot and killed the
king dead with an arrow. Harold's body was interred at

(09:00):
a church that he had begun construction on. In eighteen twenty,
excavators working in the burial mounds at Yelling discovered an
empty tomb. The only things inside of it were a
silver cup and some other small items. Dating The beams
in the in the tomb indicated that they were cut
right around the time that Gorm the Old had died.
But if the tomb meant was meant to hold the king,

(09:23):
where was his body? And that question actually wasn't answered
until the early nineteen seventies. In nineteen seventy's remains were
found in the remains of a wooden church that had
been built by Harold after he was christened, and as
part of this shift to Christianity, It's believed that Harold
had his father reburied in the church rather than the mound.

(09:44):
After Gorm's remains were discovered, they were studied at Copenhagen's
University and National Museum for several decades. Based on the
studies of the remains, it's estimated that he was approximately
fifty years old and he died, and that would have
put his birth around the year nine oh a. He
was five ft seven or a hundred seventy two tall,
and he had rheumatism in his lower vertebrae. On August

(10:08):
of two thousand, Gorm was reinterred at Yelling Church and
Denmark's royal family attended the ceremony. As we alluded to earlier,
the exact location of clean Tierras burial has been lost,
and we'll talk more about the significance of that in
just a few moments, and that is going to involve
a lot of rude stone talk. But before we move
on to those stones and the various interpretations around them,

(10:30):
let's pause for a word from one of our sponsors.
That sponsor is squares Space. We absolutely love them. Both
Tracy and I have websites with them. When it comes
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(11:14):
to get ten percent off your first purchase. So there
are two rude stones usually mentioned at Yelling, and that's
in the central part of the Jutland peninsula. And those
two stones have been analyzed and interpreted by historians for years.
There is not settled consensus about them. Part of their

(11:36):
mystery comes from the fact that the practice of erecting
commemorative rude stones appears to have been a fairly brief
trend in the big picture, so unlike some other old
cultural practices, we don't really have a particularly large sample
sets to inform interpretations. Plus, their age means that a
lot of them, having been sitting outside this whole time,
have had some degradation. So the first smaller stone and

(12:00):
reads King Gorm made this monument in memory of Tira,
his wife, Denmark's adornment, and the larger stone reads Harold
the King. They do the sepulchral monuments after Gorm his
father and after Tira his mother, the Harold who won
the whole of Denmark and all of Norway and made

(12:20):
the Danes Christians. These stones are located adjacent to one
another between two nearly identical mounds. Each of the mounds
is seventy meters or seventy six yards in diameter and
eleven ms or twelve yards high. The north mound covers
a burial chamber, but the south mound doesn't. The stone
sit just south of a nearby masonry church that's still

(12:42):
in use. It's not the original church, though, This is
a church that was built around the year eleven hundred
to replace a wooden church on the site that had
burned down. It was rebuilt several times over, but before
it was switched to a masonry church. And the smaller stone,
which will call the King Gorm Stone uh. The original
position of that stone is not known. Its current placement

(13:05):
is where it's been since approximately sixteen thirty and just
prior to that we know that it was used as
a seat outside the church for some period of time.
And this stone features three vertical lines of runes on
the front and one vertical line of ruins on the back,
and two snakes that are also on the back. A
larger Harold stone has three sides, and on one of

(13:26):
those there's what's believed to be the first image of
Christ in Scandinavia. For a while the image was actually
believed to have been a portrait of Harold himself, but
early in the nineteenth century it was established that it
was indeed Christ. This stone, during a restoration project in
the early nineteen eighties, was determined to be in its
original position. And there was actually a third stone found

(13:49):
at Yelling in nineteen sixty four, but it appears to
be unrelated to the Gorm Harold Tira stones. There are
a couple of pretty interesting areas of disguy shin around
these two stones. Did King Gorm raise a runestone to
honor his queen? Or did Harold do it as part
of sort of a historical revision. So this is where

(14:10):
things get to me really fascinating and where they are
very hotly debated. So the stones honoring Tira are notable
because it was not really customary for runestones to be
raised for women. Denmark has two hundred and seventy seven
known Viking era runestones. Remember how we mentioned a little
bit ago that they don't really have a huge data
set to go on. Two hundred and seventy seven is

(14:32):
really not that many. But of that number, only twelve
of those stones commemorate women, and two of those referenced Tira,
so that's a significant situation. Although there has also been
a case made that the reference to Denmark's adornment could
actually be referencing Gorm, but that's not a particularly popular interpretation. Uh.

(14:54):
The stones to Tira are even more unusual when you
consider that these two are part of a group of
only three known runestones that were created at the command
of kings. Other runestones were raised by other people. It's
possible that more than two of those twelve stones dedicated
to women are actually in honor of Gorum's wife Tira.
At least two other rude stones from the same time

(15:15):
period also referenced a woman named Tira, so is it
very likely that there was another woman with the same
name who was also inspiring the commissioning of multiple runestones
who just happened to be in the same area of
Denmark at the same time. That seems a little bit coincidental, uh,
And it seems perhaps simply too coincidental for it to

(15:36):
not all be the same woman. But on the flip side,
even men weren't normally honored or commemorated in this way
multiple times over either. There's actually only one man that
we know of with multiple runestones, So it's just weird
in a variety of ways. And one explanation for the
multiple but allegedly unrelated mentions of a woman named Tira
is that it was a common name in Jutland at

(15:57):
the time. Historian Brideep Sawire makes the case though, that
the assumption of the names commonplace nature is based on
only seven or eight possible instances of its having been used.
Four or five of those are on rude stones, So
the logic of claiming the rude stones are honoring multiple
women of the same name, it's pretty circular. Yeah, they're

(16:19):
using data to support that assertion. That is the direct um,
the direct thing that they're trying to prove out. So
it gets really, really, uh, a little bit squorely at
that point and the smaller of those two yelling stones
thought to be erected by Gorm, also has some linguistic
characteristics which might give it away as being younger than

(16:43):
we are intended to believe. The stone credited to Harold,
the larger of the two, has words that run together,
whereas the runestones that Gorman or the rude stone that
Gorm is supposed to have erected, has dividing marks between
the words. And that's a newer linguistic practice, indicating that
the Gorm stone may actually have come Second, we'll talk

(17:04):
about why that may have been the case in just
a moment, but first we're going to pause for a
brief word from a sponsor. So why would Harold have
possibly erected a stone that seemed to be the work
of his father, and that it appeared he may be

(17:25):
trying to pass off as that. And again I'm referencing
the work of Brigitte Sawyer, but according to her, it
may have been away in which people asserted claims of inheritance.
So he mentioned early on in the episode that Denmark
was new to Unification Lord's Undergoorm likely competed with Gorm
for control of the lands that he eventually made his

(17:46):
Tira would have been a very appealing marriage partner because
she may have held significant power or prominence even before
becoming Gorm's queen, most likely as the daughter of someone
who had additional land holdings that would then become part
of her husband's kingdom. It's entirely possible that she outlived
her husband and remarried, and then that would have created
some question marks about who should inherit her holdings after

(18:08):
her death. The additional runestones that reference a woman named
Tira may have been placed by the family she married
into after Gorm died. Sawyer suggests that it's possible that
Harold not only reconstructed the past by placing a rune
stone from his father to Tira, but that the unknown
resting place of the queen is due to the fact

(18:28):
that she may have been buried by another family in
another place entirely after having been remarried. Harold basically had
to prove his place as son and heir, and thus
constructed the burial mounds at Yelling to establish himself as
part of Tira's true or primary family and obscure the
existence of another burial spot. Moreover, if the gorm Rune

(18:51):
stone was erected by Harold. It also serves as a
precedent center that Gorm was king, which literally carves in
stone something that up to that point may have still
been a matter of some dispute. And remember back to
you at the top of the show, we talked about
the Morning gift from Gorm to Tira. If she did
inherit Denmark upon his death as the culmination of this gift,

(19:12):
it would very very much be in Harold's interest not
to let another family then inherit literally the entire country
after his mother's death. But and I know I keep
saying this, it is important to note that these interpretations
of the history of Gorm, Harold and Tira and the
runestones are just that their interpretations. Although they're definitely based

(19:34):
in existing evidence, it's just viewed through different lenses. Historians
continue to argue the various possibilities and details of this
part of Denmark's history. But in any case, if the
runestones and mounds were part of a carefully orchestrated edit
of history on Harold's part, the plan worked because he
is recognized as an early king of Denmark, it's entirely

(19:55):
possible that new excavations at Yelling will reveal additional information
about warm and his family. The Yelling Mounds, Runic Stones
and church are all the UNESCO World Heritage Site and
since two thousand seven, excavations have unearthed evidence of massive
of a massive stone ship at the site, as well
as a number of buildings that could indicate a fortress

(20:16):
that was built by Harold. And I believe that those
um excavations went on until late so a lot of
those findings are still being analyzed and there could be
big changes based on that analysis. We will just have
to keep an eye on it. But we mentioned that
we would talk about how Harold's name ended up connected
to technology, and when a wireless technology being worked on

(20:41):
by ericson Nokia, Intel and eventually IBM needed a name,
that project borrowed the name of Bluetooth, and that was
because just as Harold had united Denmark in many histories,
Bluetooth was intended to unite technologies with this wireless short
range link. And while it was intended initially me as
a code name for the technology, like a development name,

(21:03):
Bluetooth of course stuck and that was more due to
legal issues than anything else. The original name for this
technology was PAN for Personal Area Networking, and it was
too similar to many other trademark names, and the second choice,
radio wire was already trademarked by someone else, so the
project's code name eventually became its official moniker. And now

(21:24):
when your mobile device has Bluetooth activated, you can see
a small rune on your screen and you can thank
Harold Bluetooth for that too. That logo for Bluetooth technology
is actually a combination of the runes for King Harold's initials,
so in a fun way, that history comes alive. You
are carrying a reference to Denmark's Viking history in your
pocket with you all the time. If you have a

(21:45):
smartphone with Bluetooth, that's pretty cool. Now, that's really now
that you mentioned it, that does look like a rune. Yeah,
I almost felt foolish for never having had that thought.
Once I read about it, I was like, well, of
course that's what it is. Well, I I feel foolish
because I've been working at how stuff works dot com
for more than a decade talking about Bluetooth sometimes and

(22:09):
I knew, like I knew at a very basic level
who was named for. But the whole part where the
logo little icon thing is basically a rune. Did not
know that. Yeah, it's cool stuff. So that is our
our discussion of the Yelling Stones, which I really can't
wait to see sort of what additional analysis comes out.

(22:30):
We will link in our show notes to um. Denmark's
National Museum has kind of an ongoing site that updates
with the archaeological stuff. There hasn't been a lot of uh,
there haven't been a lot of updates lately. I think,
like I said, they're still doing analysis. But you can
see all of the stages of of the digs that
they've done and how they've been very carefully preserving the
area because it isn't a place where I mean, there's

(22:52):
also neighborhoods around it. It's not like just a place
out in the middle of nowhere. There's the development in
that area. So it's a really pretty fascinating to look
at all those pictures and see what they're doing and
how they're they're handling it. The stones are actually now
encased in like these glass I don't want to say cabinetry,
but that's the only word coming to mind, but they're

(23:14):
they're outside still, but they're encased to protect them so
you can see them. Uh, they're basically on display because
they're just sitting out there in between the mounds and
in front of the church. It's quite cool. I heard
you also have some listener mail. You heard correct. This
listener mail is from our listener Roberta. And it's a
little bit of a throwback to our Declaration of Sentiments podcast.

(23:34):
Uh and the word obey used in marriage vows. So
she says, dear Holly and Tracy. First, of course, I
love stuff you missed in history class. I've listened to
it with a great pleasure for a number of years now,
and you always delight and inform, so thank you. I
just listened to the Road to the Declaration of Sentiments
in the process of moving, and have quite a backlog
of pods to catch up on. However, I'm mostly current now.
As a personal aside, no one ever has to apologize

(23:58):
for not being current on the show. I'm not current
and on everything I watch or listen to by a
long stress. I'd take a train trip this past weekend
and I listened to literally four episodes each of Judge,
John Hodgman and Sawbones that I was behind on on
the trip. Yeah, I love a road trip for that reason.
I can let whoever else is in the car sack

(24:18):
out and I can just play podcast. But anyway, going
back to riverts, note she said, you guys made some
comments of disbelief about people wanting the word obey in
their wedding ceremonies, or more specifically not wanting it. I
wanted to let you know why we specifically chose to
include it. My husband and I were married by a
justice Justice of the Peace in February and had a
big ceremony September of that year. It was a Renaissance

(24:41):
style ceremony in a park with a friend officiating blessing
our nondenominational wedding. I'm agnostic, my husband is now, but
he was still a believer at the time, and we
wanted traditional Book of Common Prayer vows for authenticity, but
also more so because it held some meaning for us.
We discussed obey and came to the conclusion that it
was important to us to include it. We each brought

(25:02):
a child and some baggage, and the idea that marriage
was for life for us was very important. We included
obey to drive home the point to each other that
we were in this for the long haul. The twist
is that we said it to each other. It was
a little tongue in cheek, but we tossed it at
each other every once in a while to drive home
the fact that we made promises to each other that
can't easily be broken. We're progressive people who have chosen

(25:24):
somewhat traditional gender roles, and we're very aware that life
is tenuous. Sometimes we need a reminder that the promises
we've made to each other is the basis for everything
else in our lives. So it is possible, though surely rare,
that people on the left of the spectrum might choose
to include it. I just thought maybe a different perspective
might be interesting. Thank you for your diligent research and
beautiful work. I look forward to many more wonderful podcasts

(25:46):
from you and Tracy. Congrats on your upcoming nuptials. I
can tell you that after eighteen years and five kids,
marrying each other was the best, cool, is most awesome
thing my hubs and I have ever done. I wish
both of you and Holly and Brian a lifetime of
the love and piece. We've had much love. Uh and
she actually goes by Bobby. I realized that the signature.
I was looking at her email address name when I

(26:06):
when I first referenced her as ROBERTA. Bobby, Thank you.
This was such a good email and a nice reference.
We've gotten a variety of feedback on that discussion. Well, uh,
number one, thank you, Bobby, that's very sweet. And then
number two, Uh, we got some letters that made me
think that maybe people there were some people that maybe

(26:27):
got really angry and started writing and then didn't get
to the part where I was like, if you want
to make a choice to include this in your vows,
make the choice. The point is that you have a
choice now, Like, it's not a thing that's thrust only
upon women as a condition of getting married. Like, that's
the thing that that That's one of two things that

(26:47):
blows my mind. And the other thing was that the
story I was relating was from my efficient specifically, who
is from I think probably the most progressive denomination that
exists in the United States, And so it was startling
to me that anyone would have her officiate their wedding
and then also want a unilateral vow of obedience. That

(27:08):
seems a little contradictory to me. To have like an
extremely progressive religious aspect of the wedding then, but then
also want unilateral obedience. Ye still throws my mind a
little bit. Yeah. Similarly, I think I relaid the story
of my best childhood friend getting married and she had said,

(27:29):
don't use obey. They had had a last minute switchery
and they're efficient, and he just subbed it out for
the word served, which was hilarious to all of us.
Um But again it was it was a thing that
she had specifically chosen to exclude, and she, like me,
is a little bit headstrong, and it was very humorous
in that regard to watch her react because she's one
of those people that has always been calm and cool

(27:51):
and collected and fairly unflappable. And it was just hilarious
to me because I maybe a jerk friend, but everybody
had a good chuckle. But anyway, I think our point
is that what feels right for you is perfect. Like
if people were offended by our are saying that it
wasn't for us, I that was not my intent, certainly,
so I apologize, And regardless of of your feelings on

(28:13):
the matter, I think it is a good thing for
people to have a choice in the matter now. And yeah,
and I will say, like all of the people that
wrote us, even with very dissenting feelings about what we
had said, what I what really stood out to me
and was interesting and I really liked, was that all
of them had talked about it from the point of

(28:34):
view of having discussed it with their spouse, with their
partner ahead of time, and they were all like they
got to that place together. It wasn't again, as you said,
it was not forced on anyone. It was not a
situation where there was no choice. It was something that
they agreed upon and felt correct for them, where suddenly
you're making a vow in front of people and it's

(28:56):
not a vow you can actually hold in your heart,
right right, So hopefully this discussion cleared up any confusion. Bobby,
thank you for your lovely letter because it really was
a nice way to open that door, and and thank
you so much for your well wishes. Yes, so sweet.
I agree. Brian and I will hit our twentieth anniversary

(29:16):
this year, and I still say, like, the best thing
that ever happened to me. I didn't ever think I
wanted to be married, and then I met him and
everything changed like immediately, and uh, for me, that was
absolutely the correct thing. Maybe not for everybody, but only
you know your heart. It's like it's like in h
and Amy Pohler's book, Good for Her, Not for Me

(29:38):
is the thing that we should all think of ourselves
when we're talking about other people's decisions, correct. I mean
that comes up all the time in all walks of life,
in all decisions of life, that it's hard for some
of I mean I have struggled with that before, where
I'm like, that's not the way you should do it,
but for that person it might be. And who am
I to say? Uh? If you would like the right

(29:59):
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(30:20):
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(30:41):
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