Hitler’s Early Rise and the Night of the Long Knives

Over the course of several days in 1934, Adolf Hitler, who was at the time the Nazi Party Leader and Reich Chancellor, directed an action which eliminated all of his political enemies and enabled him to declare himself Fuhrer.

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Episode Transcript

Speaker 1 (00:01):
Welcome to Stuff you missed in History Class from how
Stuff Works dot com. Hello, welcome to the podcast. I'm
Holly from I'm Tracy V. Wilson. So we don't often
talk about Nazi history. No, we don't. It's I mean,
you might think we would more because of the Internet

(00:23):
where it's all Nazi talk all the time. But it's
one of those things that people have hashed out a lot,
and it's uh not something most people miss in history class.
But in talking with people lately, I have discovered that
some of the finer points maybe people don't always recall. Yeah,
some of the details get a little lost, Like we

(00:43):
know the broadstor everybody knows the broadstrokes, but particularly around
like Hitler's rise to power and sort of the steps
that happened that enabled him to basically claim that he
ruled everything in Germany, those get a little fuzzy for people. Yeah,
I think for a lot of folks there, knowledge of
Hitler sort of begins in World War Two and not

(01:05):
all the stuff before that. Right, there's a lot of
knowledge of concentration camps and the things associated with that
and all of those atrocities of war, But there was
a long lead up to that, right, and we aren't
even covering all of it because it's one of those
figures where he has been so studied by by people
that are scholars of German history and Nazi history in particular,

(01:29):
that there's no way we can include every detail of
his life. And there are also pieces in here that
we're going to refer to you that are individual incidents
in history. We have one or the other of us
talked about doing as whole episodes before, and I think
I referenced in my notes that one of them could
become a whole episode in the future. But what we're
sort of talking about is Night of the Long Knives.

(01:52):
But what we're actually doing is a lot of stuff
leading up to that and why it was an important moment,
and then the night along and then the Night of
the Long Knives is actually the last segment. So for
just a quick context, over the course of several days
in ninety four, Adolf Hitler, who was at the time
the Nazi Party leader and Reich Chancellor, directed an action
which eliminated basically all of his political enemies as well

(02:14):
as some personal enemies, and enabled him to declare himself
here but first as I said, we're going to need
to talk about what preceded that series of murders that
have come to be known as the Night of Long Knives.
It also goes by a couple of other names, and
we'll talk about those. So we're gonna do kind of
a brief history of Hitler's rise to power. Yes, the
National Socialist German Workers Party the Nazi Party was founded

(02:39):
in nineteen nineteen under the banner of the German Workers Party,
and one of the primary drivers for its establishment was
some dissatisfaction at the terms that were set in the
Treaty of Versailles which ended World War One. These terms
called for Germany to make reparations. Yeah, those certainly were
not the only terms, but that's the big one that
really caused a lot of problems in terms of public

(03:03):
opinion in Germany and uh. The party was actually founded
initially by a locksmith named Anton Drexler, but he was
quickly usurped by an enthusiastic upstart Adolf Hitler, and that
change in leadership was also what brought about the name
change from the German Workers Party to the National Socialist
German Workers Party. From the moment that he took the

(03:23):
helm of the group, Hitler started working on a plan
which would be this guiding ideology of the party going forward.
It was a twenty five point program that included goals
of abandoning the Treaty of Versailles and expanding German territory.
And there was also a strong threat of anti Semitism throughout,
including the ideology that only those with German blood should

(03:45):
have citizenship and by that logic quote hence no Jew
can be a countryman. And thanks to UH the socialist
aspects at the time which shifted away from that and
the distrust of the German government in the twenty five
point program which drew the working class, the Nazi Party
experienced a really steady increase in membership in the early

(04:05):
nineteen twenties and the fall of the group had accumulated
tens of thousands of members and felt sort of so
confident in their their power that they thought they could
wield with that membership that they mounted what became known
as the Beer Hall pooch, also called the Hitler pooch
or the Munich pooch Uh. That's basically an attempted coup

(04:26):
de ta and that happened on November eighth and ninth.
The hope on the part of the Nazi Party was
that their attempted coup in Bavaria, where the party was headquartered,
would inspire the German army, which was really rife with frustration,
to carry this momentum forward and lead to an overthrow
of the government in Berlin. To that end, Hitler and

(04:46):
other leaders along with the stern bat Lugen, which is
also known as the Stormtroopers or the Essay And I'm
going to apologize for all of my German pronunciation in
this episode. I'm sure it is terrible. They begin at
a beer hall in Munich where the government leaders were
meeting with the intention to overthrow them, and then they
would march on Berlin to enact a full takeover of

(05:08):
Weimar Germany. But the plan was in fact a failure,
so instead of culminating in the government takeover, the whole
thing was shut down really quite quickly. The beginning of
the coup had gone as planned. They easily suppressed the
politicians that were in the beer hall, but when they
moved on to their next location at the building of
the Bavarian War Ministry, they were fired upon by police

(05:31):
and a riot followed we could and perhaps on day
we will do a whole episode just on the beer
Hall Puch like. That's been on my list for a while.
You and I have talked about it. But the outcome
was that Adolf Hitler was arrested and charged with treason
along with nine other men, and was ultimately sitting sentenced
to five years in prison and the Nazi Party was banned.

(05:54):
It was during his incarceration at Lansburg Jail for the
beer Hall Pusch that Hitler dictated my comp to his
personal secretary, Rudolf Hess, who had also been convicted and
was serving his sentence alongside Hitler. Hitler did not, however,
serve his full sentence. Pretty much from the moment of
his incarceration, the remnants of the Nazi Party, even though

(06:15):
that was technically outlawed, they still existed in a form
not under that name. UH dedicated their resources and energy
to pressuring the German government to release him, so he
served about nine months of his sentence. After his release,
Adolf Hitler set about re establishing the Nazi Party. The
ban on its existence was legally lifted after Hitler appealed

(06:37):
to the Bavarian Prime Minister and assured him that the
group would abide by the rules of the constitution. Hitler
organized and the reinvigorated party with extreme care in the
years that followed, and through deft framing of the Beer
Hall putch, November nine became Reich Day of mourning for
the Nazis who had been killed during the riot, and

(06:57):
it became a rallying point for the party. Germany's economic
depression at the end of the nineteen twenties really left
an opening for Hitler's Nazi rhetoric to win over supporters
from Germany's working class. Desperate out of work, Germans responded
to the criticisms of the existing government that they had
felt caused their troubled situations, so they were very happy

(07:20):
to join on with the people making those criticisms, which
were the Nazi Party. So elections started going to the
Nazi Party starting in about nineteen thirty. In nineteen thirty two,
the Nazi Party reached a major milestone. It became the
largest party in the German Parliament, although it did not
hold a majority. This was a massive shift from the

(07:41):
previous election, in which the Nazi Party had only won
a handful of seats. In their Eichstag. Hitler actually ran
for president that same year, but he lost to Paul
von Hindenburg. Hindenburg, who was eighty four at the time
and not in terrific health, had won the presidency in
nine five, and he had been asked to run again
in nine teen thirty two because it was believed that

(08:02):
he was the only man who could win against Adolf Hitler.
But Hitler had garnered a significant following and he established
himself as a political force even without that election win.
In January of nineteen thirty three, Hendenberg selected Adolf Hitler
as Chancellor in an effort to appease the Nazi Party.

(08:22):
Hitler began as Chancellor on January thirty and immediately advised
President Hendenberg that the Reichstag, which was set at a
stalemate because no political party had managed to establish a majority.
He suggested that the Reichstag be dissolved and that new
elections be held, and a new election was called for
on March fifth, ninety three. Yeah, just for a little

(08:44):
bit of context, Hindenburgh thought that, you know, with a
vice chancellor there was not a Nazi and some other
people in prominent political positions like, surely they would be
able to keep this Hitler guy in check. No, that
didn't work out, and then the Reichstag building burned under
mysterious circumstances on February three. Debate about the cause of
the fire has actually continued right up to present day.

(09:07):
You will hear historians discussing it and debating the various theories.
But one of the most popular theories is that Yoseph
Goebbel's planned the fire with the intent to pin it
on the Communists, and as the Communist Party was the
was one of the Nazi Party's legitimate rivals in the
upcoming election, this plan was intended intended to cast a
shadow over that party and lose them some votes. The

(09:30):
day after the fire, Hitler leaned on Hindenburg to deliver
an emergency decree which stated, quote, restrictions on personal liberty,
on the right of free expression of opinion, including freedom
of the press, on the rights of assembly and association,
and violations of the privacy of postal, telegraphic and telephonic communication,

(09:51):
and warrants for house searches, orders for confiscations, as well
as restrictions on property are also permissible beyond the legal
limits otherwise prescribed, and this was framed as being quote
for the protection of the people and the state. Hitler
levied leveraged control over the country's politics, culture, and society

(10:15):
to further stack the deck in favor of a Nazi
party success at the polls. In the upcoming election, Harman Gring,
who had become head of police, used the brute power
of his force to suppress most opposition, and the Nazis
did not win an outright majority, but Hitler's next move
made that a non issue. We're coming up on the

(10:35):
Enabling Act of N three, but before we get to that,
we will pause for a word from one of our sponsors.
As part of Hitler's consolidation of power, he wanted to
diminish the authority of the reichs Dog, which was bymar
Germany's legislative branch, and take that authority for himself. With

(10:56):
the votes of the supporting members of the Reichstag and
many members of reichs Dog not voting. Due to strong
arm tactics on the part of the essay in the
s s, including corralling many in what was called protective detention,
it was easy to get the Enabling Act of nineteen
thirty three, passed on March twenty four. The vote took
place in the Coral Opera House, which was being used

(11:18):
as the seat of the reichs Dog in the aftermath
of the fire which had burned down the municipal building
where they normally held that business. Hitler had ordered that
the Nazi party symbol, the Swatstika, be hung in massive
scale in the temporary reich stock Chamber. Germany's Supreme Court
accepted the passage of the Enabling Act with no challenge,

(11:39):
despite the dicey nature of the vote, and some judges
seemed to be unaware that anything out of the ordinary
parliamentary business had even taken place. So the Enabling Act
was also called the Law to Remedy the Distress of
People and the Reich, and one of the key passages
in that act read quote. In addition to procedures prescribed

(12:01):
by the Constitution, laws of the Reich may also be
enacted by the government of the Reich, and this meant
that Hitler, as Chancellor and head of the Reich Cabinet,
could decree laws by himself by passing the approval of
the Reichstag. In essence, it legally sealed his dictatorship. Not
only could Hitler enact laws, he could also enter into

(12:23):
alliances or agreements with other countries without consulting the Reichstag
or having his decisions ratified by them. He could also
undo existing laws of the Weimar Constitution, again without any
checks or balances. With this passage of the Enabling Act,
the Reichstag had basically made itself obsolete. By nine four,

(12:43):
it was apparent that SA Chief of Staff Ernst Rome
had turned the Stormtrooper military into a mighty force, and
at that point it boasted almost three million men. And
we uh need to point out that at the same
time the German Army had only one thousand and men.
That was a capped number that had been outlined in
the Treaty of Versailles. So the Nazi Party actually had

(13:06):
far more military might than the Weimar government. Naturally, there
was some concern that the Essay was far too powerful.
Both President Hindenburg and Vice Chancellor Franz von Poppen were
troubled by the Nazi forces, but Hitler had his own
concerns about homes military. While Hitler knew that he needed

(13:29):
the Essay as part of his support structure. The aims
of the Nazi military had evolved to a point that
was also problematic for Hitler's goals. The Essays leadership wanted
to oust the remaining non Nazis from the government and
replace them with their own people. But Adolf Hitler, having
learned from the Beer Hall Putsch that using brute force
could backfire by turning people against the party, recognized that

(13:51):
consolidating power might be better achieved by working with the
elites and sort of more subtly ousting them. And he
had uh the party leaders that were not part of
the Essay, and he also had the shoot Staffle, which
was the s S, on the same page as him.
The disparity and approaches to bringing the Nazi Party to
ultimate power led to some friction. Hitler had also cultivated

(14:15):
animosity among the Nazi leadership, making it clear that they
should compete with one another to gain his favor. By
the spring of four Heinrich Hmmler and Reynard Hadrich, both
leaders in the s S, and Prussian Prime Minister Erman
guring we're discussing ways to get Hitler to rid the
party of Ernst Chrome. At the same time that Hendenburg

(14:38):
and German military leaders were raising concerns that the Nazi
Party was becoming increasingly radicalized. Himmler hedrick and gurring, we're
starting rumors at Chrome, already seen as the leader of
the most radical arm of the party, was plotting a
move to take over the party. Rome actually had no
such plan. He was a friend of Hitler's, but his

(14:59):
image as an ex dreamist made it really, really easy
for those rumors to gain traction. Hitler was in danger
of losing power if the vocally extreme elements of the
Nazi Party forced the German government's hand, but even as
his party was threatened by growing external and internal pressures,
he was hesitant when it came to deciding what to

(15:19):
do about the Essay. In early June, Adolf Hitler convinced
Room that the heads of the Essay should take an
extended leave, which began on June eight. But there was
still an ongoing and growing concern that the Nazi Party
was becoming a lawless entity, and nationalist opposition against it
began to swell. It was the threat of a more

(15:40):
organized move against the Nazi Party that finally tipped the
scales for Hitler, and by the end of the month,
he had made a decision to get rid of all
the problematic elements of the essay. He issued orders to
roam on June to gather the leaders of the essay
at a spot in by Visay, Bavaria. And next up,

(16:01):
we're gonna talk about the Night of the Long Knives specifically,
which is actually used to refer to events that took
place over the course of several days. But before we
get into that, we're gonna pause and take a little
sponsor break. Two days later, the s S, led by
Theodore Ica, commandant of Dako, captured the assembled essay leaders

(16:25):
and moved them to Stobleheim prison in Munich. Most of
the men were shot, although Rome was spared until the
next day, because Hitler remained indecisive for a bit about
whether to execute him or not. When Rome was shot
on July one, he allegedly uttered the words Hyle Hitler
as he died, But the executions at Stottleheim weren't the

(16:45):
only ones carried out by the s S. Once Hitler
had decided to take action, he opted to eliminate all
possible threats to his leadership in the Nazi Party, and
to that end, the s s killed and estimated one
to two hundred people between June and July two. This
was an execution mission that was called Operation Hummingbird and

(17:09):
also came to be known as the Night of the
Long Knives or as the Home Purge. There are only
eighty five people identified by name as victims of the purge,
so exactly the exact number of people that Hitler had
killed outside of any sort of legal process is difficult
to discern. Since they went ahead with this without filing

(17:31):
any paperwork on it. Yeah, it's very hard to track
exactly how many people met their end. Victims of the
Purge included both political enemies and, as we mentioned earlier,
people with whom Hitler had personal Vendetta's General Kurt von Schleicher,
the man who preceded Hitler as wreck Chancellor Schliker's friend,
Major General Kurt Vondreidau, Schliker's wife. Also Gustav van Kar,

(17:56):
who was the Bavarian Chief of State who had withheld
support for the beer Hall Pusch. So, going all the
way back more than a decade of sort of vendetta,
he was checking off his list that particular man was
hacked Apart with axes in a particularly brutal killing UH.
And former Nazi leader Gregor Strasser, who had attempted to

(18:18):
make a deal with Schliker when he was Reich Chancellor
that would have stopped Hitler from rising to power, was
also killed. So is Bernhard Stemfel, a former priest who
was rumored to have damning knowledge related to the death
of Jelly Rouble, which was Hitler's niece who had allegedly
committed suicide. That is another one of those stories. It
could be its own episode potentially, basically anyone Hitler thought

(18:42):
might challenge him or have information that could hurt him.
At least one victim was killed due to a mix
up of identity. Munich music critic Willie Schmidt was murdered,
but the s S had intended to target UH. An
essay commander of the same name and Vice Chancellor Franz
von Poppin, who had been one of the loudest voices

(19:04):
warning of the Nazi Party growing more radical, was also
a target, but escaped to have visit AIDS though we're
not so fortunate. The day after Operation Hummingbird concluded, so
that was July three, a law was issued by the
Right Cabinet at Hitler's order, and this law framed the
executions as an emergency action, claiming that they needed to

(19:25):
be carried out to protect Germany against agents who threatened
the nation, and thus retroactively making the mass murders legal.
It's well known today that the Nazi Party Party widely
used propaganda, and the period after the Night of the
Long Knives as a prime example of how false information
was used to gain public favor and to damage enemies.

(19:47):
Under the direction of Google's a story of treason and
treachery was spun out, which cemented the idea that people
who had been killed the people who have been killed
Hitler's order, were all dame or as enemies of the state. Additionally,
Rome's homosexuality, which allegedly people had known about, became a
focus of interests, so while it had been a point

(20:10):
of relatively common knowledge, Himmler took advantage of this moment
to claim that other homosexuals at Rome associated with had
been a threat to national security. Himler further leveraged this
piece of propaganda to launch a series of legal actions
against homosexuality, including new laws against homosexual acts and much
more severe punishments for anyone who was found guilty of homosexuality.

(20:34):
On July thirteenth, thirty four, Hitler made a speech to
the Reichstag in which he justified this entire operation, and
as Supreme Ruler of Germany, he claimed he had used
his power to defend the country, and that event in
nineteen thirties Germany is often pointed to as the moment
that really cemented Hitler's rise to power. And by that event,

(20:56):
I mean the whole night of the Long Knives, not
his speech that Tracy referenced. While the Essay continued to
exist as a tool of destruction after the purge, that
swift and violent action against Rome and other leaders within
the essay exercised any thoughts of ambition for the military
forces to really challenge Hitler's power or even stand as

(21:16):
a major player in the regime's power structure. Because the
purge was a strike on the Essay, it also gained
Hitler favor with the German army that had seen the
Nazi military as a challenger. Prior to the purge, the
s S had been a branch of the Essay, but
Hitler officially recognized them as a separate and independent entity
on July four. This gave Himmler a position of increased power,

(21:42):
able to confer directly with Hitler, and made it possible
for the ss to take control of the police force
as well as assumed command of the concentration camp system.
Within a couple of years, the s S had completely
supplanted the previously existing German police force. Hindenberg died of
lung Can sir in early August nineteen thirty four, and

(22:02):
after he was gone, and leading up to that, he
was infirmed, so it also meant that he was not
particularly powerful, But after he had died, the last vestiges
of democratic government in Germany were systematically undone. On August nineteenth,
Hitler proclaimed himself sure, and because of the alliance that
had formed in the wake of Operation Hummingbird, the German

(22:24):
army supported him. The Night of the Long Knives was
used as a representative action on the part of the
s S by Himmler. It proved he would later say
that the s S was loyal and willing to do
anything required to preserve the nation. He invoked it in
the nineteen forties when speaking of the Final Solution, assuring
the high ranking members of the Nazi regime that his

(22:46):
men were willing and able to carry out atrocities for
the quote annihilation of the Jewish people. It's important to
remember too that the world outside Germany had a really
wide range of reactions to the Night of the Long Knives.
British cartoonist David Lowe published a drawing of essay officers
surrendering in fear before Hitler holding a smoking gun and

(23:09):
gurring dressed as a barbarian and carrying a bloody spear,
and the caption on it read, they salute with both hands. Now.
There's also a truly chilling right up in the Daily Mail,
which wrote a lot of pro Hitler and pro fascist
pieces during this period, and here is a quote from it.
Harry Adolf Hitler, the German Chancellor, has saved his country

(23:32):
swiftly and with exorable severity. He has delivered Germany from
men who had become a danger to the unity of
the German people and to the order of the state.
With lightning rapidity. He has caused them to be removed
from high office, to be arrested and put to death.
The names of the men who have been shot by
his orders are already known. Hitler's love of Germany has

(23:54):
triumphed over private friendships and fidelity to comrades who had
stood shoulder to shoulder with him in the fight for
Germany's future. But it's so creepy to read that that's
uh in present day because of course now we know
that with Hitler, assuming the role of Shure, events were
in motion that would lead to World War Two, of course,

(24:17):
and atrocities on an epic scale that most people do
know about. Uh well, and even even without that piece
of the context, it's pretty horrifying for a paper to
be praising a mass murder carried out in as extra judicial. Yeah. Yeah,
And it's interesting it came up briefly in our our

(24:37):
episode with Victoria Price actually that when Vincent Price was traveling,
I forget what the years were, early early on and
all of that, Like even he and he was very
young at the time when changed his position pretty drastically,
but he initially came away thinking, wow, that's a really
organized like state. They're really going to fix Germany. And

(24:59):
of course a lot of people thought that, and it
there was such a sort of false representation going on
that easy to see how some people were lured in
by the whole thing, yes, especially before the murder. Yes, yeah,

(25:19):
of course, Uh yeah. I don't know how you hear
about all of that, like someone going, oh, over the
last two days, I killed all of my enemies, and
you go, that seems like a really smart, good move, Like,
I don't know how you say that, but no, And
it also reads very like there are historical accounts of
you know, monarchs hundreds of years ago eliminating enemies and

(25:41):
hearing such a similar story of a dictator doing the
same thing, and I'm in the modern world. To me, yeah,
why is this thing seeming more horrifying because it's seems
like we as a as species should have learned to
not do that. But maybe that's we as a species

(26:07):
should have learned. It doesn't always work. I know. Do
you have some listener mail? Isn't happier than that? It is,
It's much happier. This is from our listener Bill, and
he says, Hi, Holly and Tracy. Regarding the Tuskegee Syphilist
study episode, he says he's a huge fan. I'm gonna
skip that part because I feel weird reading praise and
he says, but as a physician for over forty years

(26:27):
and having performed I guess one thousand spinal taps, and
as a patient when I was four years old and
had a spinal tap, I could say that a spinal
tap should never be horrifying. So for context, in case
you don't recall, we have talked about spinal taps in
that episode, and we neither of us had a particularly
favorable UH commentary on it. It's a very scary thing.
I think for a lot of people. I think that
the idea is frightening. And then we have each had

(26:52):
some unique experiences that were non delightful, not not to
either of us, but people that we need family. So
but it's cool because Bill is here to save the
day and reassure people. So he says, in skilled hands
and with proper sedation and anesthesia, a spinal tap is
not pleasant, but it should not be horrifying. There are
many medical tests I would personally be terrified to have,

(27:13):
but a spinal tap is not one of them. I
know you wouldn't encourage parents not to vaccinate their children,
but spinal tap phobia is also a real thing and
actually leads patients and the parents of children to refuse
spinal taps when hours and minutes can literally be in
the balance if meningitis is suspected. I cringe when the
words spinal tap are used on TV to invoke what
is presented is the most awful thing that a doctor

(27:35):
can recommend. I hope I'm not sounding like I'm lecturing you.
I love your show, especially the episodes about gay people
in history. We have always been marginalized or just outright
ignored in school history class, so I'm excited to finally
learn we have been there every step of the way
historically speaking. And of course Bill is a percent correct.
You should not not to get a procedure done because
you are scared of it. I think if that were

(27:56):
the case, I would probably just stay at home in
a dark room most of the top time. I'm not
really scared of the world, but medical stuff I get
twitchy about. I think most people do. I don't think
there's there's any There are very few people who are like, yeah,
do all the tests, do all the pokey and prodding
you like it's cool? I don't mind, but don't let
that fear keep you from getting proper treatment or testing. Yeah.

(28:18):
I have a weirdly high tolerance for pretty much everything
except dental x rays, and there was I hate with
a horrible passion. They're not fun. Although my dentist, which
used to be your dentist when you lived here, it's
pretty good at them. Yeah, much less horrifying than anywhere
else I've gone. Yeah, it's the biting on the weird

(28:38):
thing to get the picture. The weird thing makes me
want to throw up on people. Gag inducing for a
lot of people. But that I mean, you shouldn't have them.
You need to get your dental x rays so they
know what's going on. Yes, even if your teeth are great,
you need the baseline so that you can see what's
going on as as time goes by and recognize when
changes have happened that should be addressed. Sure, it's just

(29:03):
like keeping a regular blood test on file with your doctor.
They can recognize when your numbers are changing and maybe
you need to treat them. Uh so, yes, Bill, thank
you for the reminder. We should never ever say I
don't want to do that. Nobody wants to do a
lot of those things. But you still should always get Again,
we said it in the Tuskegee Studied episode. You should
monitor your health health screenings following your doctor's advice more

(29:29):
so than two podcasters. Doctor. Yes, don't google things on
the internet looking for medical advice. Go to a real doctor.
That's what they're there for. And I you know, they
want to make you healthy and feel better. That's a
good thing. Do that. If you want to write to us,
you can do so at History podcast a househoworks dot com.

(29:50):
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(30:12):
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(30:33):
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