November 17, 2008 • 14 mins
The first Crusade began in 1095, and launched a struggle for control of Jerusalem in a series of arduous battles spanning more than two centuries. Learn more about the origin, escalation and consequences of the Crusades in this podcast from HowStuffWorks.
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Episode Transcript
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Speaker 1 (00:00):
Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class from how
Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.
I'm editor Candice Gibson, joined by staff writer Jane mcgran pay. Candice,
So you don't, Daren Watson. Um. You know, it's funny.
(00:21):
There's a lot of words in our language that pack
a whole lot of meaning, and sometimes you can say
one of these words and start a riot without even
meaning to. One of the ones I'm thinking of, is crusade.
Sure that that's a hot button word for sure. If
you look at like even President Bush, he mentions it,
then a lot of uproar begins because he gets attacked
(00:42):
for thinking that that this war on terrorism is suddenly
a holy war about religion, right, And that's the trouble
with using crusade even casually, Like if if you're on
a crusade for restocking the office fridge with diet coke,
you don't want to say that necessarily because the word
invokes a lot of bloodshed and political strife too, and
(01:03):
a lot of corruption. Really, if you look up at
the crusades was all about, and it's hard to pinpoint
what exactly that was because there were many, many Crusades,
not just one. It was a whole series that spanned
a couple of generations, began around and they started definitely
centered around religion, but even in their earliest stages there
(01:25):
were some political wheeling and dealing going on, that's true,
And if you look at how the pope got mixed
in with it, it was actually the empire, the emperor
of the Byzantine Empire that went to the Pope and asked, hey,
can you help us out because these these Muslims, these
Celdru Muslims in particular, sorry to take over my um
empire and my lands, and so can you come over
(01:47):
here and help us? And the Pope saw this as
both like political and religious because he was hoping to
unite the East and West churches, which had separated actually
a few decades before then, right in the Great Schism
of and fifty four. And you know, it's funny because
the emperor knew that if he allied with the Pope,
he could get the manpower he needed to get his
(02:09):
empire back, because he didn't have the forces to accomplish
that goal. But back in Europe, there were nights from
the funeral system who were just very listless, they were
getting bored, they were causing trouble at home, and the
Pope thought, while we've been trying to restore peace on
the home front from these you know, boyish and and
tumbling around nights, So if we can give them something
(02:30):
constructive to do, like reclaim the Holy Land, while the
win win for everyone. That's true, that's true, And they
got more than they bargained for. Actually, um, the the
speech at the Pope gave to instigate knights to to
take up arms in March to the Holy and actually
ended up spurring on even peasants who were very ill
equipped to go and fight the sophisticated um Muslim warriors,
(02:52):
you know. And that's something really important to mention. Two.
Europe at this time was actually somewhat backward compared to
the force is in the countries that they were about
to go up again. They were sophisticated, they were more intelligent,
they had better warfare, and Europe was you know, it
was real, even in a dark time, and it actually
cost a lot of money to go off and be
(03:13):
a crusader. I think that knights had to mortgage their
homes and liquefy their assets and then walk like three
thousand miles to get over to, you know, where all
the fighting was occurring. That's sure. I'm sure it wasn't
an easy decision for them. It wasn't. And so when
these peasants got inspired, especially into the charismatic guidance of
Peter the Hermit, a disaster and so what I mean
they were up against an enemy that had methods of
(03:34):
warfare that no one was prepared for, you know, let
alone the peasants, but even the nights then in training
to be soldiers. And when they arrived at least where
the Businestine numberor was, he he knew that the peasants
weren't weren't equipped, and he kept on saying, like, no
hold up until we can bring like real reinforcements to
and they just marched on. And the Turkish leaders loved it.
(03:55):
They had to stock at this situation like, this is
how easy the crusades are gonna be. We don't have
anything to worry about. That that gave him a certain
confidence of him, it did, and it would be shattered later.
But just to reinforce the point, the reason that so
many people were inspired to go is that the pope
told them a couple of things about the Crusades, one
being that going to the Holy Land and reclaiming Jerusalem
(04:17):
for Christianity would substitute for a journey of penance. And
the other thing was that if you went and you
accomplished this goal, you'd be absolved of all your sin
and you'd have guaranteed entry to have And so basically,
if you went and died on the battlefield, you know,
you wouldn't be so bad off if you ended up
getting eternal life as a result. Exactly said, people thought,
well what do I have to lars? And also if
(04:38):
you look at what was instigating their motivations, at least
the peasants who they were hearing stories about how the
Muslims were performing atrocities on these pilgrims who just wanted
to peacefully go to their to their holy lands. And
it wasn't just um the control, the Muslim control of
the Holy Lands that instigated this, because the Muslims had
control over it for for decades before that. Um. What
(04:58):
happened was that the cell Muslim Muslims actually came in
and and the stories started coming out, whether true or not,
that that they started abusing, violently, abusing the Pilgrims that came. Uh,
this is what instigated at least peasants in Europe to
say this is wrong and we need and that You
can imagine how they can use that as a motivation
to go to the Holy Land, right right. So they
(05:20):
thought they were doing a very righteous deed when in
fact the pope was scheming alongside his political ally and
it didn't quite turn out like anyone thought it would
because it wasn't a cut and dry deal. The Crusades
stretched on for a really long time. And like we said,
when the crusading forces most of them were French at
least during the first Crusade. When they encounter the Muslims,
(05:42):
they had all these tactics of warfare that no one
was prepared for um one of which was called Greek fire.
And essentially what this was is they went on load
up pottery with fire and then catapulted at the crusaders. Brilliant, yeah,
it really was, and it would shatter into pieces and
fire would spread everywhere. Or else. They take rags soaked
with um I think oil and studded with nails and
(06:05):
set those ablaze and catapult those over. So the Crusaders
had these moving wooden reinforcements like towers that they would
you know, put up his bastion against the offensive forces.
But then the nails from the fiery rags would just
stick in burn everything down. And the Crusaders eventually got
wise to this, and they would hang up animal skin
soaked in vinegar to help propel the fire. And they
(06:27):
also realized that there, uh, I guess, their movements on
the field and their fancy lines and defense mechanisms weren't
going to cut muster here. And so they got stronger armor,
they invented the crossbow, and they had to get used
to some of the unconventional warfare tactics like screaming and
whistling and all these strange noises that the Muslim forces
(06:47):
would make just to serve as a distraction. You know.
It was it was a total just mess, I'm sure
on the battlefield because it wasn't you know, gentlemen fighting.
It was mayhem, really, that's true. And given how much
they had to overcome, and surprising that the Crusades were
able to eventually see Jerusalem and break in with their
their their catapults and their ladders, and uh, they were
(07:10):
able once they got in there, they ended up pillaging
the city in ways that, um, according to our modern sensibilities,
is pretty horrible, like they actually burned down a synagogue
full of innocent Jews and uh. And you know, it
certainly doesn't justify what they were doing, but it was
seen as is sort of similar to what other other
armies at the time we're doing, and that doesn't excuse it,
(07:32):
but um, but people nowadays see it as such like
one of the things that gets associated with the Crusades
was how vicious they were, and so this is one
of the reasons and the stiege of Jerusalem I think
is one of the most salient events in all of
the Crusades. And the sort of mantra that they had
going in the first Crusade and all the other Crusades
(07:53):
that followed it was that God wills it, and no
matter what happened, you know, no matter how many people
died or how bad things got, it was God's will
that they were going and fighting. And even when the
Crusaders were stricken with disease or were so hungry that
they cut open their animal stomachs to drink the blood,
I know, really gory. Again, God wills it and when
(08:15):
they see to Jerusalem, they were sober raft I mean,
they were on death store step. They didn't have anything
going for them really, And then um, one of the
crusaders had a vision that they were supposed to march
barefoot around Jerusalem, surround the city, and then slowly work
their way inward. And that's exactly what they did. Like
it worked, it did, and like you were saying, I mean,
(08:36):
all all heck brokely after that, it was quite a mess.
But for all the successes, and again when he said
term loosely, for all the successes at the crusade, there
were some really awful tragedies to on the crusader's behalf.
And yeah, that's true. And if you look at one
of the crusades, at least it's loosely defined as a crusade,
because the pope certainly didn't um back, it's called the
(08:56):
children's Crusade. I was actually taught this in my you know,
Catholic school upbringing, and uh, my teacher would tell us
of the story where these thousands and thousands of kids
were loaded on on ships to cross the Mediterranean and
go towards the Holy Land, um to hopefully um through
their childish innocence, you know, convert the hearts of the
Muslims and and win over the land uh for Christian forces.
(09:19):
When actually, um, the children were basically sent to short
death and either either shipwreck or sold into slavery. It
was just a total disaster and all the kids ended
up either dying or you know. Um. So that's actually
a legend. But what actually happened is a little bit
more fuzzy. Historians are not sure it happened at all,
but it dates back to these two different kids who
actually didn't know each other. Uh, Stephen in France and
(09:42):
Nicholas in Germany. Both of them claimed separately to get visions,
divine visions of Christ telling them you need to get
control of the Holy Land and uh, and you need
to go to the Holy Land and get it for
the Christian forces. And Nicholas actually went to the Mediterranean
and he believed that it would dry up by the
(10:03):
time he got there. Um. Stephen in France went to
the King of France saying he had a letter for him,
and the King of France was less than impressed. He
he was like, oh, go home, like come back when
you're older, if you still believe this or whatever um
and what happened to these kids, and there were probably
thousands of kids that that were gathered up as a
as a following for these two different Stephen and Nicholas.
(10:26):
What happened to them was probably a tragedy. But it's
important to note that, you know, the Church wasn't behind
these and so if you call them a crusade, you
have to take that with a grain of salt. And
also actually historians even questioned whether these were children at
all because the word used in in the research was
actually poo air, which is Latin word for boy, but
if you um look at the use back then, it
(10:48):
could have been just a word for like a lower
standing man. So we're not even sure about anything that happened.
And that's what's so difficult about interpreting the Crusades and
recording at for posterity all the events that took place.
A lot of the tales that we now were handed
down through oral history or or they were accounts that
were you know, bias depending on someone's religion or political affiliation.
(11:11):
And as we mentioned before, as the Crusades went on,
they got more and more political, and one of the
major reasons for this was that the land that the
crusaders want, they weren't quite sure what to do with that,
and the answer seeing pretty obvious. You know, you get
back to the Byzantine Empire, that's who the Pope was
aligned within the first place, you would think, I guess
people felt that they were entitled to it. I mean,
(11:32):
they endured that much to win it, and so betrayals
behind that as well, like the crusading forces thought that
the empire, the Byzantine Empire had trade them in some senses,
so that at that point they felt like they were
entitled the land themselves, and so lots of mix ups happening. Yeah,
so they became crusader states, but they didn't last very
long because they didn't have any sort of strong centralized government.
(11:54):
So they were eventually overtaken again by the Muslim forces.
This happened over and over again, and eventually, like even
even the Pope started saying like, if you go and
fight the so called crusade, you're going to be excommunicated.
And yet people still went on thinking God wills it,
God wills it. It's crazy. And if you look at
different artists renderings of the crusaders coming home. They're usually
(12:16):
old men with long beards to look very bedraggled, their
straddling horses that look like they're on their last leg literally,
And to me, that's the perfect representation of the end
of the Crusades. You know, we can come home and
they're like, wait, what were we fighting for? I'm not
quite sure what happened. And the fact that the beginning
of the Crusades was based on a political decision and
(12:37):
you know, somewhat a bit of lies and the first place,
makes it really hard to figure out how it impacts
history today. It even does, And that's actually the question
I was thinking about for you was how does or
held deeply the Crusades impact history. That's a tough question.
And you know, I think some people might say that
all the events of the Crusades have impacted relations between
(13:00):
Europe and the Middle East and you know, power struggles
between the Church and the state today and and a
lot of historians say that that's fiction, that because the
Crusades were so twisted politically, and because they took place
during such a dark time in Europe that really there's
sort of a blip on the radar. And I certainly
didn't seem like that at the time. And maybe, you know,
(13:21):
when we look back and we look today at people
who are demanding, you know, reparations or at least an
apology from the church, they seem like quite a big deal.
But I think most historians agree that it's just a
part of the past. It didn't really influence how things
are today. It's crazy right now, it really is. But
there's so much more, obviously, to learn about the Crusades.
You can read about them on how stuff works dot com.
(13:44):
For more on this and thousands of other topics, isn't
how stuff works dot com. Let us know what you think.
Send an email to podcast at how stuff works dot com.
Welcome to Stuff You Missed in History Class from how
Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.
I'm editor Candice Gibson, joined by staff writer Jane mcgran pay. Candice,
So you don't, Daren Watson. Um. You know, it's funny.
(00:21):
There's a lot of words in our language that pack
a whole lot of meaning, and sometimes you can say
one of these words and start a riot without even
meaning to. One of the ones I'm thinking of, is crusade.
Sure that that's a hot button word for sure. If
you look at like even President Bush, he mentions it,
then a lot of uproar begins because he gets attacked
(00:42):
for thinking that that this war on terrorism is suddenly
a holy war about religion, right, And that's the trouble
with using crusade even casually, Like if if you're on
a crusade for restocking the office fridge with diet coke,
you don't want to say that necessarily because the word
invokes a lot of bloodshed and political strife too, and
(01:03):
a lot of corruption. Really, if you look up at
the crusades was all about, and it's hard to pinpoint
what exactly that was because there were many, many Crusades,
not just one. It was a whole series that spanned
a couple of generations, began around and they started definitely
centered around religion, but even in their earliest stages there
(01:25):
were some political wheeling and dealing going on, that's true,
And if you look at how the pope got mixed
in with it, it was actually the empire, the emperor
of the Byzantine Empire that went to the Pope and asked, hey,
can you help us out because these these Muslims, these
Celdru Muslims in particular, sorry to take over my um
empire and my lands, and so can you come over
(01:47):
here and help us? And the Pope saw this as
both like political and religious because he was hoping to
unite the East and West churches, which had separated actually
a few decades before then, right in the Great Schism
of and fifty four. And you know, it's funny because
the emperor knew that if he allied with the Pope,
he could get the manpower he needed to get his
(02:09):
empire back, because he didn't have the forces to accomplish
that goal. But back in Europe, there were nights from
the funeral system who were just very listless, they were
getting bored, they were causing trouble at home, and the
Pope thought, while we've been trying to restore peace on
the home front from these you know, boyish and and
tumbling around nights, So if we can give them something
(02:30):
constructive to do, like reclaim the Holy Land, while the
win win for everyone. That's true, that's true, And they
got more than they bargained for. Actually, um, the the
speech at the Pope gave to instigate knights to to
take up arms in March to the Holy and actually
ended up spurring on even peasants who were very ill
equipped to go and fight the sophisticated um Muslim warriors,
(02:52):
you know. And that's something really important to mention. Two.
Europe at this time was actually somewhat backward compared to
the force is in the countries that they were about
to go up again. They were sophisticated, they were more intelligent,
they had better warfare, and Europe was you know, it
was real, even in a dark time, and it actually
cost a lot of money to go off and be
(03:13):
a crusader. I think that knights had to mortgage their
homes and liquefy their assets and then walk like three
thousand miles to get over to, you know, where all
the fighting was occurring. That's sure. I'm sure it wasn't
an easy decision for them. It wasn't. And so when
these peasants got inspired, especially into the charismatic guidance of
Peter the Hermit, a disaster and so what I mean
they were up against an enemy that had methods of
(03:34):
warfare that no one was prepared for, you know, let
alone the peasants, but even the nights then in training
to be soldiers. And when they arrived at least where
the Businestine numberor was, he he knew that the peasants
weren't weren't equipped, and he kept on saying, like, no
hold up until we can bring like real reinforcements to
and they just marched on. And the Turkish leaders loved it.
(03:55):
They had to stock at this situation like, this is
how easy the crusades are gonna be. We don't have
anything to worry about. That that gave him a certain
confidence of him, it did, and it would be shattered later.
But just to reinforce the point, the reason that so
many people were inspired to go is that the pope
told them a couple of things about the Crusades, one
being that going to the Holy Land and reclaiming Jerusalem
(04:17):
for Christianity would substitute for a journey of penance. And
the other thing was that if you went and you
accomplished this goal, you'd be absolved of all your sin
and you'd have guaranteed entry to have And so basically,
if you went and died on the battlefield, you know,
you wouldn't be so bad off if you ended up
getting eternal life as a result. Exactly said, people thought,
well what do I have to lars? And also if
(04:38):
you look at what was instigating their motivations, at least
the peasants who they were hearing stories about how the
Muslims were performing atrocities on these pilgrims who just wanted
to peacefully go to their to their holy lands. And
it wasn't just um the control, the Muslim control of
the Holy Lands that instigated this, because the Muslims had
control over it for for decades before that. Um. What
(04:58):
happened was that the cell Muslim Muslims actually came in
and and the stories started coming out, whether true or not,
that that they started abusing, violently, abusing the Pilgrims that came. Uh,
this is what instigated at least peasants in Europe to
say this is wrong and we need and that You
can imagine how they can use that as a motivation
to go to the Holy Land, right right. So they
(05:20):
thought they were doing a very righteous deed when in
fact the pope was scheming alongside his political ally and
it didn't quite turn out like anyone thought it would
because it wasn't a cut and dry deal. The Crusades
stretched on for a really long time. And like we said,
when the crusading forces most of them were French at
least during the first Crusade. When they encounter the Muslims,
(05:42):
they had all these tactics of warfare that no one
was prepared for um one of which was called Greek fire.
And essentially what this was is they went on load
up pottery with fire and then catapulted at the crusaders. Brilliant, yeah,
it really was, and it would shatter into pieces and
fire would spread everywhere. Or else. They take rags soaked
with um I think oil and studded with nails and
(06:05):
set those ablaze and catapult those over. So the Crusaders
had these moving wooden reinforcements like towers that they would
you know, put up his bastion against the offensive forces.
But then the nails from the fiery rags would just
stick in burn everything down. And the Crusaders eventually got
wise to this, and they would hang up animal skin
soaked in vinegar to help propel the fire. And they
(06:27):
also realized that there, uh, I guess, their movements on
the field and their fancy lines and defense mechanisms weren't
going to cut muster here. And so they got stronger armor,
they invented the crossbow, and they had to get used
to some of the unconventional warfare tactics like screaming and
whistling and all these strange noises that the Muslim forces
(06:47):
would make just to serve as a distraction. You know.
It was it was a total just mess, I'm sure
on the battlefield because it wasn't you know, gentlemen fighting.
It was mayhem, really, that's true. And given how much
they had to overcome, and surprising that the Crusades were
able to eventually see Jerusalem and break in with their
their their catapults and their ladders, and uh, they were
(07:10):
able once they got in there, they ended up pillaging
the city in ways that, um, according to our modern sensibilities,
is pretty horrible, like they actually burned down a synagogue
full of innocent Jews and uh. And you know, it
certainly doesn't justify what they were doing, but it was
seen as is sort of similar to what other other
armies at the time we're doing, and that doesn't excuse it,
(07:32):
but um, but people nowadays see it as such like
one of the things that gets associated with the Crusades
was how vicious they were, and so this is one
of the reasons and the stiege of Jerusalem I think
is one of the most salient events in all of
the Crusades. And the sort of mantra that they had
going in the first Crusade and all the other Crusades
(07:53):
that followed it was that God wills it, and no
matter what happened, you know, no matter how many people
died or how bad things got, it was God's will
that they were going and fighting. And even when the
Crusaders were stricken with disease or were so hungry that
they cut open their animal stomachs to drink the blood,
I know, really gory. Again, God wills it and when
(08:15):
they see to Jerusalem, they were sober raft I mean,
they were on death store step. They didn't have anything
going for them really, And then um, one of the
crusaders had a vision that they were supposed to march
barefoot around Jerusalem, surround the city, and then slowly work
their way inward. And that's exactly what they did. Like
it worked, it did, and like you were saying, I mean,
(08:36):
all all heck brokely after that, it was quite a mess.
But for all the successes, and again when he said
term loosely, for all the successes at the crusade, there
were some really awful tragedies to on the crusader's behalf.
And yeah, that's true. And if you look at one
of the crusades, at least it's loosely defined as a crusade,
because the pope certainly didn't um back, it's called the
(08:56):
children's Crusade. I was actually taught this in my you know,
Catholic school upbringing, and uh, my teacher would tell us
of the story where these thousands and thousands of kids
were loaded on on ships to cross the Mediterranean and
go towards the Holy Land, um to hopefully um through
their childish innocence, you know, convert the hearts of the
Muslims and and win over the land uh for Christian forces.
(09:19):
When actually, um, the children were basically sent to short
death and either either shipwreck or sold into slavery. It
was just a total disaster and all the kids ended
up either dying or you know. Um. So that's actually
a legend. But what actually happened is a little bit
more fuzzy. Historians are not sure it happened at all,
but it dates back to these two different kids who
actually didn't know each other. Uh, Stephen in France and
(09:42):
Nicholas in Germany. Both of them claimed separately to get visions,
divine visions of Christ telling them you need to get
control of the Holy Land and uh, and you need
to go to the Holy Land and get it for
the Christian forces. And Nicholas actually went to the Mediterranean
and he believed that it would dry up by the
(10:03):
time he got there. Um. Stephen in France went to
the King of France saying he had a letter for him,
and the King of France was less than impressed. He
he was like, oh, go home, like come back when
you're older, if you still believe this or whatever um
and what happened to these kids, and there were probably
thousands of kids that that were gathered up as a
as a following for these two different Stephen and Nicholas.
(10:26):
What happened to them was probably a tragedy. But it's
important to note that, you know, the Church wasn't behind
these and so if you call them a crusade, you
have to take that with a grain of salt. And
also actually historians even questioned whether these were children at
all because the word used in in the research was
actually poo air, which is Latin word for boy, but
if you um look at the use back then, it
(10:48):
could have been just a word for like a lower
standing man. So we're not even sure about anything that happened.
And that's what's so difficult about interpreting the Crusades and
recording at for posterity all the events that took place.
A lot of the tales that we now were handed
down through oral history or or they were accounts that
were you know, bias depending on someone's religion or political affiliation.
(11:11):
And as we mentioned before, as the Crusades went on,
they got more and more political, and one of the
major reasons for this was that the land that the
crusaders want, they weren't quite sure what to do with that,
and the answer seeing pretty obvious. You know, you get
back to the Byzantine Empire, that's who the Pope was
aligned within the first place, you would think, I guess
people felt that they were entitled to it. I mean,
(11:32):
they endured that much to win it, and so betrayals
behind that as well, like the crusading forces thought that
the empire, the Byzantine Empire had trade them in some senses,
so that at that point they felt like they were
entitled the land themselves, and so lots of mix ups happening. Yeah,
so they became crusader states, but they didn't last very
long because they didn't have any sort of strong centralized government.
(11:54):
So they were eventually overtaken again by the Muslim forces.
This happened over and over again, and eventually, like even
even the Pope started saying like, if you go and
fight the so called crusade, you're going to be excommunicated.
And yet people still went on thinking God wills it,
God wills it. It's crazy. And if you look at
different artists renderings of the crusaders coming home. They're usually
(12:16):
old men with long beards to look very bedraggled, their
straddling horses that look like they're on their last leg literally,
And to me, that's the perfect representation of the end
of the Crusades. You know, we can come home and
they're like, wait, what were we fighting for? I'm not
quite sure what happened. And the fact that the beginning
of the Crusades was based on a political decision and
(12:37):
you know, somewhat a bit of lies and the first place,
makes it really hard to figure out how it impacts
history today. It even does, And that's actually the question
I was thinking about for you was how does or
held deeply the Crusades impact history. That's a tough question.
And you know, I think some people might say that
all the events of the Crusades have impacted relations between
(13:00):
Europe and the Middle East and you know, power struggles
between the Church and the state today and and a
lot of historians say that that's fiction, that because the
Crusades were so twisted politically, and because they took place
during such a dark time in Europe that really there's
sort of a blip on the radar. And I certainly
didn't seem like that at the time. And maybe, you know,
(13:21):
when we look back and we look today at people
who are demanding, you know, reparations or at least an
apology from the church, they seem like quite a big deal.
But I think most historians agree that it's just a
part of the past. It didn't really influence how things
are today. It's crazy right now, it really is. But
there's so much more, obviously, to learn about the Crusades.
You can read about them on how stuff works dot com.
(13:44):
For more on this and thousands of other topics, isn't
how stuff works dot com. Let us know what you think.
Send an email to podcast at how stuff works dot com.
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