March 1, 2010 • 15 mins
Born in 1941 in Trinidad, Stokely Carmichael moved to the US at the age of 11. Once he arrived he set upon a path that permanently changed American society. Listen in and learn how he became the leader of the Black Power movement in this episode.
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Episode Transcript
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Speaker 1 (00:00):
Welcome to Stuff you missed in History Class from how
Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.
I'm Katie Lambert and I'm Sarah Dowdy. And this is
another installment of our Black History series. And I hope
(00:20):
you've listened to the Marcus Garvey episode by now, because
then it we talked about the beginnings of the first
major black nationalist movement of the twentieth century. And now
we're gonna follow the movement's progress into the sixties and
seventies and catch up with the mainstream civil rights movement
as well. And fortunately, these really big civil rights philosophies
(00:41):
of the era happened to be embodied in one man,
and that is Stokely Carmichael. And if you know about
Stokely you probably either think of him as you know,
this fresh faced, non violent howard student leading sit ins
and voter registration drives, or you think of him as
the man who coined the term black power. So too
(01:02):
opposite of spectrum to reconcile though it is. Stokely Carmichael
has this political evolution which makes him so interesting. He
goes from indifference in high school to being a non
violent volunteer risking his life to desegregate the South, to
being the honorary Prime Minister of the Black Panther Party,
(01:24):
to being a self proclaimed revolutionary living out his last
thirty years in Guinea advocating Pan Africanism. So this guy
has just done so much and has so many radical
changes in his philosophy and his life. So we're going
to explain how that happened. But we're going to start
at the beginning of his life, as we always do.
He was born June twenty nine, ninety one in Port
(01:47):
of Spain, Trinidad. His father was a carpenter and a
taxi driver, his mother a stewardess for a steamship line,
and they immigrated to the U S when he was
a toddler, leaving him in Trinidad with his grandmother. He
moved to the United States when he was a eleven
and grew up in a Jewish Italian neighborhood in the
East Bronx. And he's got kind of a rough childhood.
He drinks, he gets into petty theft. He says he's
(02:10):
the only black member of the Morris Park Dukes, which
is a neighborhood gang um. But then his life changes
When he gets into the Bronx High School of Science,
which is a really good school, he quits his gang
and uh. He explains this himself the best. He says,
they were all reading the Funnies while I was trying
to dig Darwin and Marks. That's a good quote. So
(02:33):
he excels at school. He's really popular too. He dates
his white classmates, and by nineteen sixty he enrolls at
Howard after turning down scholarships to white universities. And during
this time, students at southern colleges were starting to stage
sit ins to force the desegregation of lunch counters. It
(02:54):
first happened in nineteen sixty in Greensboro, North Carolina, and
by April nineteen sixty leaders of the sit in movement
organized the Student on Violent Coordinating Committee, which you probably
know as SNICK, and the formerly apathetic Stokely is inspired
by all of this. He tells Life Magazine later in
the ninteen sixty seven, when I first heard about the
(03:15):
Negroes sitting in at lunch counters down South, I thought
they were just a bunch of publicity hounds. But one night,
when I saw those young kids on TV getting back
up on the lunch counter stools after being knocked off them,
sugar in their eyes, catch up in their hair. Well,
something happened to me. Suddenly I was burning. So this
sums up his his first major philosophical change in life.
(03:38):
And he joins the non violent action group and Congress
of Racial Equality known as CORE his freshman year, and CORE,
of course organizes the Freedom Writers who travel the South
desegregating buses. So they'd send a group of white volunteers
and black volunteers and they would subvert the understood segregated
order of the buses, so the the white volunteers would
(04:01):
go to the back and the black volunteers would go
to the front. And um stokely participates as a freedom writer.
In nineteen six one, he's actually arrested and spends forty
nine days in jail at the Parchment Penitentiary in Mississippi,
which is a part hard sentence too. But he went
(04:22):
on to earn his bachelor's in philosophy with honors in
sixty four and joined SNICK. And then it's Freedom Summer
and SNICK is sending hundreds of black and white volunteers
to the South to teach and set up clinics and
register people to vote, and Stokely comes out of this
as a leader. Not only is he a good speaker,
he's generally a really nice guy and a natural born
(04:44):
leader for this kind of thing. He becomes snakes Field
organizer in Lowndes County, Alabama, where he raises the registered
voters to two thousand, six hundred from seventy, which way
outnumbers the white registrants. And when listing political parties don't
really react with the response he was expecting. You know,
(05:04):
take take note that now this county has an overwhelming
majority of black voters, and take interest in their issue
and take interest. Yeah, he goes ahead and supports the
all black Lownes County Freedom Organization. And interestingly, there's a
law that requires the political parties to have a logo,
and so this group takes on the Black Panther as
(05:27):
their symbol, and later the Black Panther Party, which we'll
talk about eventually, UM acquires this symbol as a tribute
to the Lounge County Freedom Organization. But up until now, Stokely,
Carmichael and Snakes support non violence, which is, you know,
the civil rights philosophy best embodied by Dr King, but
Stokely is radicalized by his experiences in the South. He's
(05:50):
seen beatings and murders. He's arrested so often he loses
count at thirty two, and he's impatient with how slowly
this move it seems to work. He's frustrated with the
civil rights movement because it's not tough enough, and he
wants it to be more militant. Yeah, he's feeling increasingly militant.
And in nineteen sixty six he replaces the integrationist John
(06:13):
Lewis as Snake chairman. Is actually our congressman, Katie him
and then him. I discussed the braves with him when
I was about seven or eight years old. Um, So,
replacing Louis, that's a big change for Snick. And about
a month after his selection as the new Snack chairman,
he raises the call for black power, which is a
(06:34):
term that he coins in a speech to a crowd
of about three thousand people in Mississippi. And this is
right after James Meredith has been shot and wounded on
his UM Walk Against Fear from Memphis to Mississippi. And
you know, Meredith is shot and then um people come
together to walk in his place. So Stokely is been
(06:56):
arrested and released and he makes the speech, and in
it he says, we've been saying freedom for six years.
What we're going to start saying now is black power.
So you can imagine this has a tremendous effect on
the crowd and quickly reverberates throughout the nation. And he's
still young. Then he's twenty five, and there are a
(07:16):
lot of people, especially younger Black people, who are glad
to hear this. It's coming only a year and a
half after Malcolm X's assassination and things are still violent,
and black power, as he conceived it was about self defense,
self determination, political and economic power, and racial pride. But
of course black power is really scary to um, not
(07:39):
only a lot of white people, but a lot of
traditional black civil rights leader. So there's an immediate white backlash.
The contributions from white people to civil rights groups fall um.
When the November elections come around, the results reflect this,
and there's a black backlash to Martin. Luther King says
(08:01):
it was an unfortunate choice of words, and the nub
A c P says it's the raging of race against race.
So these are sort of your traditional civil rights stalwarts
coming out against this idea. And he tries to explain
it in a book he wrote in ninety seven with
Charles Hamilton's later and makes it sound very reasonable. He says,
(08:23):
it is a call for black people in this country
to unite, to recognize their heritage, to build a sense
of community. It is a call for black people to
define their own goals, to lead their own organizations. So
that doesn't sound particularly militant or or frightening. It does
sound very reasonable, and it kind of reminds us again
of Marcus Garvey and his idea of pan Africanism. But yeah,
(08:49):
he starts to he starts to say more provocative stuff
is the sixties go on. He travels abroad on what
seems like the like worst choices. Um. He goes to
North Vietnam, China and Cuba. UM. And this is in
nineteen sixty eight when he's in Havana. He says, we
are preparing groups of urban guerrillas for our defense in
(09:11):
the cities. It is going to be a fight to
the death, um, which is a little alienating. Yeah, that's
that's a frightening thing for a lot of people to hear. Consequently,
his passport is confiscated when he comes back from this
speaking tour and it's held for ten months. While all
of this is going on, things are changing with SNICK too,
(09:31):
and the really radical members are starting to gravitate toward
groups like the Black Panthers. H Rap Brown became the
SNICK chairman in nineteen sixty seven, replacing Stokely, and a
year later he's gone over to the Panthers. In a
side note, he is now serving a life sentence for
murdering a police officer in two thousands, and by nineteen
sixty nine, SNICK has had to change its name UM
(09:55):
because it's increasingly ironic that it's the non violent association.
They change to the Student National Coordinating Committee UM. But
back to the Black Panthers. They had been founded in
nineteen sixty six in Oakland, California, by Huey Newton and
Bobby Seal, and originally their goal was to protect black
neighborhoods against police brutality. But by the late sixties there
(10:17):
a Marxist organization and a popular alternative to non violence,
to the non violent civil rights movement. But you were saying,
the crazy thing about that is Marxism doesn't really go
with this whole idea of racial Yeah, they're they're Marxist,
and they like the Marxist idea of armed revolution. But
(10:38):
in Marxism, racism is counter revolutionary, or at best, it's
beside the point. It's it's about economics. But the Black
Panthers are obviously focused on racial issues as well. Um,
they're attractive to a lot of urban African American youths,
especially people based in cities and to the late six
(11:00):
these in early seventies, they have very violent run ins
with the police. They're tremendously out armed, despite what you
may have heard or what their public image is. You know.
One of the sort of interesting things about researching this
episode for me as I got to talk to my
dad and my grandfather about this, and my my grandpa
actually told me about a raid on the DC Panthers
(11:22):
headquarters where the police confiscated guns that he described as
being more dangerous for the person firing them. So they're
they're tremendously out armed, their public image is vastly different
from um, what they really are, and the police response
to the Panthers is sometimes so violent that there's eventually
a congressional investigation of police activities. Some people describe this
(11:46):
as borderline murder. So, but the Black Panthers take on
Stokely as their honorary Prime Minister, and uh that's okay
for a while. But then even the Black Panthers aren't
radical enough for Stokely all that with them because they
want white support. He doesn't. Uh, so he moves to Africa.
He leaves the US in nineteen sixty nine and moves
(12:08):
with his first wife, Miriam Mkapa, who is a Grammy
winning South African singer, to Guinea to live by the seaside.
He later marries a Guinea doctor, Mary La Too Barry,
and he changes his name to Kuami Torre for some
earlier proponents of Pana Africanism and socialists who I believe um.
He likes to wear a green uniform sometimes and a
(12:30):
pistol at his hip also reminded me of this um
sort of faux military Garvy Garvey with his with his
plumes and all that um. And he helps establish the
All African People's Revolutionary Party and they're really into Pan Africanism.
He promotes it all around the world and on college
(12:50):
campuses and says black power can only be realized when
there exists a unified socialist Africa. So Stukeley spends about
thirty years living in Guinea Um and he dies at
fifty seven of prostate cancer. And he actually one said
of his cancer, but it was given to me by
forces of American imperialism and others who conspired with them. Um.
(13:15):
But for this guy, who has changed his philosophy so
many times and been at the center of so many
of the different facets of the civil rights movement and
black nationalism, he kind of loses his relevancy at the
end of his life. He completely did, and perhaps being
part of that non violent movement and just becoming so
(13:37):
disillusioned by the violence it inspired and other people, he
lost his place. Well. And I think that's interesting too,
how the major participants in the non violent civil rights
movement were affected differently by it. And you have someone
like this, like you said, the non violence driving someone
(13:58):
to violence and militancy, and then you have somebody like
John Lewis, you know, who sticks to that non violet creed.
We also talked a lot when we were researching this
about the different snack chairman and how interesting that was
to us. How different they all were, like John Lewis,
who he mentioned, but also you've got Marian Barry, he's
(14:21):
the first Snake chairman, and he got in trouble as
decent in trouble some very unsavoring activities, and someone like
you know, Stokely moving to Guinea and embracing Pan Africanism.
And then somebody like HTE Brown who is in prison,
is in prison. So it's I think it's so interesting
that um one organization there can produce such different people
(14:47):
from its leaders. So I think that wraps up Stokely Carmichael.
But if you would like to learn more about the
evolution of the civil rights movement, come and search for
it on our website at www dot how stuff works
dot and if you'd like to follow us on Twitter,
we'd love to have you. We're at Missed in History.
For more on this and thousands of other topics, becausit
(15:09):
how stuff works dot com, and be sure to check
out the Stuff you Missed in History class blog on
the how stuff works dot com home page
Welcome to Stuff you missed in History Class from how
Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.
I'm Katie Lambert and I'm Sarah Dowdy. And this is
another installment of our Black History series. And I hope
(00:20):
you've listened to the Marcus Garvey episode by now, because
then it we talked about the beginnings of the first
major black nationalist movement of the twentieth century. And now
we're gonna follow the movement's progress into the sixties and
seventies and catch up with the mainstream civil rights movement
as well. And fortunately, these really big civil rights philosophies
(00:41):
of the era happened to be embodied in one man,
and that is Stokely Carmichael. And if you know about
Stokely you probably either think of him as you know,
this fresh faced, non violent howard student leading sit ins
and voter registration drives, or you think of him as
the man who coined the term black power. So too
(01:02):
opposite of spectrum to reconcile though it is. Stokely Carmichael
has this political evolution which makes him so interesting. He
goes from indifference in high school to being a non
violent volunteer risking his life to desegregate the South, to
being the honorary Prime Minister of the Black Panther Party,
(01:24):
to being a self proclaimed revolutionary living out his last
thirty years in Guinea advocating Pan Africanism. So this guy
has just done so much and has so many radical
changes in his philosophy and his life. So we're going
to explain how that happened. But we're going to start
at the beginning of his life, as we always do.
He was born June twenty nine, ninety one in Port
(01:47):
of Spain, Trinidad. His father was a carpenter and a
taxi driver, his mother a stewardess for a steamship line,
and they immigrated to the U S when he was
a toddler, leaving him in Trinidad with his grandmother. He
moved to the United States when he was a eleven
and grew up in a Jewish Italian neighborhood in the
East Bronx. And he's got kind of a rough childhood.
He drinks, he gets into petty theft. He says he's
(02:10):
the only black member of the Morris Park Dukes, which
is a neighborhood gang um. But then his life changes
When he gets into the Bronx High School of Science,
which is a really good school, he quits his gang
and uh. He explains this himself the best. He says,
they were all reading the Funnies while I was trying
to dig Darwin and Marks. That's a good quote. So
(02:33):
he excels at school. He's really popular too. He dates
his white classmates, and by nineteen sixty he enrolls at
Howard after turning down scholarships to white universities. And during
this time, students at southern colleges were starting to stage
sit ins to force the desegregation of lunch counters. It
(02:54):
first happened in nineteen sixty in Greensboro, North Carolina, and
by April nineteen sixty leaders of the sit in movement
organized the Student on Violent Coordinating Committee, which you probably
know as SNICK, and the formerly apathetic Stokely is inspired
by all of this. He tells Life Magazine later in
the ninteen sixty seven, when I first heard about the
(03:15):
Negroes sitting in at lunch counters down South, I thought
they were just a bunch of publicity hounds. But one night,
when I saw those young kids on TV getting back
up on the lunch counter stools after being knocked off them,
sugar in their eyes, catch up in their hair. Well,
something happened to me. Suddenly I was burning. So this
sums up his his first major philosophical change in life.
(03:38):
And he joins the non violent action group and Congress
of Racial Equality known as CORE his freshman year, and CORE,
of course organizes the Freedom Writers who travel the South
desegregating buses. So they'd send a group of white volunteers
and black volunteers and they would subvert the understood segregated
order of the buses, so the the white volunteers would
(04:01):
go to the back and the black volunteers would go
to the front. And um stokely participates as a freedom writer.
In nineteen six one, he's actually arrested and spends forty
nine days in jail at the Parchment Penitentiary in Mississippi,
which is a part hard sentence too. But he went
(04:22):
on to earn his bachelor's in philosophy with honors in
sixty four and joined SNICK. And then it's Freedom Summer
and SNICK is sending hundreds of black and white volunteers
to the South to teach and set up clinics and
register people to vote, and Stokely comes out of this
as a leader. Not only is he a good speaker,
he's generally a really nice guy and a natural born
(04:44):
leader for this kind of thing. He becomes snakes Field
organizer in Lowndes County, Alabama, where he raises the registered
voters to two thousand, six hundred from seventy, which way
outnumbers the white registrants. And when listing political parties don't
really react with the response he was expecting. You know,
(05:04):
take take note that now this county has an overwhelming
majority of black voters, and take interest in their issue
and take interest. Yeah, he goes ahead and supports the
all black Lownes County Freedom Organization. And interestingly, there's a
law that requires the political parties to have a logo,
and so this group takes on the Black Panther as
(05:27):
their symbol, and later the Black Panther Party, which we'll
talk about eventually, UM acquires this symbol as a tribute
to the Lounge County Freedom Organization. But up until now, Stokely,
Carmichael and Snakes support non violence, which is, you know,
the civil rights philosophy best embodied by Dr King, but
Stokely is radicalized by his experiences in the South. He's
(05:50):
seen beatings and murders. He's arrested so often he loses
count at thirty two, and he's impatient with how slowly
this move it seems to work. He's frustrated with the
civil rights movement because it's not tough enough, and he
wants it to be more militant. Yeah, he's feeling increasingly militant.
And in nineteen sixty six he replaces the integrationist John
(06:13):
Lewis as Snake chairman. Is actually our congressman, Katie him
and then him. I discussed the braves with him when
I was about seven or eight years old. Um, So,
replacing Louis, that's a big change for Snick. And about
a month after his selection as the new Snack chairman,
he raises the call for black power, which is a
(06:34):
term that he coins in a speech to a crowd
of about three thousand people in Mississippi. And this is
right after James Meredith has been shot and wounded on
his UM Walk Against Fear from Memphis to Mississippi. And
you know, Meredith is shot and then um people come
together to walk in his place. So Stokely is been
(06:56):
arrested and released and he makes the speech, and in
it he says, we've been saying freedom for six years.
What we're going to start saying now is black power.
So you can imagine this has a tremendous effect on
the crowd and quickly reverberates throughout the nation. And he's
still young. Then he's twenty five, and there are a
(07:16):
lot of people, especially younger Black people, who are glad
to hear this. It's coming only a year and a
half after Malcolm X's assassination and things are still violent,
and black power, as he conceived it was about self defense,
self determination, political and economic power, and racial pride. But
of course black power is really scary to um, not
(07:39):
only a lot of white people, but a lot of
traditional black civil rights leader. So there's an immediate white backlash.
The contributions from white people to civil rights groups fall um.
When the November elections come around, the results reflect this,
and there's a black backlash to Martin. Luther King says
(08:01):
it was an unfortunate choice of words, and the nub
A c P says it's the raging of race against race.
So these are sort of your traditional civil rights stalwarts
coming out against this idea. And he tries to explain
it in a book he wrote in ninety seven with
Charles Hamilton's later and makes it sound very reasonable. He says,
(08:23):
it is a call for black people in this country
to unite, to recognize their heritage, to build a sense
of community. It is a call for black people to
define their own goals, to lead their own organizations. So
that doesn't sound particularly militant or or frightening. It does
sound very reasonable, and it kind of reminds us again
of Marcus Garvey and his idea of pan Africanism. But yeah,
(08:49):
he starts to he starts to say more provocative stuff
is the sixties go on. He travels abroad on what
seems like the like worst choices. Um. He goes to
North Vietnam, China and Cuba. UM. And this is in
nineteen sixty eight when he's in Havana. He says, we
are preparing groups of urban guerrillas for our defense in
(09:11):
the cities. It is going to be a fight to
the death, um, which is a little alienating. Yeah, that's
that's a frightening thing for a lot of people to hear. Consequently,
his passport is confiscated when he comes back from this
speaking tour and it's held for ten months. While all
of this is going on, things are changing with SNICK too,
(09:31):
and the really radical members are starting to gravitate toward
groups like the Black Panthers. H Rap Brown became the
SNICK chairman in nineteen sixty seven, replacing Stokely, and a
year later he's gone over to the Panthers. In a
side note, he is now serving a life sentence for
murdering a police officer in two thousands, and by nineteen
sixty nine, SNICK has had to change its name UM
(09:55):
because it's increasingly ironic that it's the non violent association.
They change to the Student National Coordinating Committee UM. But
back to the Black Panthers. They had been founded in
nineteen sixty six in Oakland, California, by Huey Newton and
Bobby Seal, and originally their goal was to protect black
neighborhoods against police brutality. But by the late sixties there
(10:17):
a Marxist organization and a popular alternative to non violence,
to the non violent civil rights movement. But you were saying,
the crazy thing about that is Marxism doesn't really go
with this whole idea of racial Yeah, they're they're Marxist,
and they like the Marxist idea of armed revolution. But
(10:38):
in Marxism, racism is counter revolutionary, or at best, it's
beside the point. It's it's about economics. But the Black
Panthers are obviously focused on racial issues as well. Um,
they're attractive to a lot of urban African American youths,
especially people based in cities and to the late six
(11:00):
these in early seventies, they have very violent run ins
with the police. They're tremendously out armed, despite what you
may have heard or what their public image is. You know.
One of the sort of interesting things about researching this
episode for me as I got to talk to my
dad and my grandfather about this, and my my grandpa
actually told me about a raid on the DC Panthers
(11:22):
headquarters where the police confiscated guns that he described as
being more dangerous for the person firing them. So they're
they're tremendously out armed, their public image is vastly different
from um, what they really are, and the police response
to the Panthers is sometimes so violent that there's eventually
a congressional investigation of police activities. Some people describe this
(11:46):
as borderline murder. So, but the Black Panthers take on
Stokely as their honorary Prime Minister, and uh that's okay
for a while. But then even the Black Panthers aren't
radical enough for Stokely all that with them because they
want white support. He doesn't. Uh, so he moves to Africa.
He leaves the US in nineteen sixty nine and moves
(12:08):
with his first wife, Miriam Mkapa, who is a Grammy
winning South African singer, to Guinea to live by the seaside.
He later marries a Guinea doctor, Mary La Too Barry,
and he changes his name to Kuami Torre for some
earlier proponents of Pana Africanism and socialists who I believe um.
He likes to wear a green uniform sometimes and a
(12:30):
pistol at his hip also reminded me of this um
sort of faux military Garvy Garvey with his with his
plumes and all that um. And he helps establish the
All African People's Revolutionary Party and they're really into Pan Africanism.
He promotes it all around the world and on college
(12:50):
campuses and says black power can only be realized when
there exists a unified socialist Africa. So Stukeley spends about
thirty years living in Guinea Um and he dies at
fifty seven of prostate cancer. And he actually one said
of his cancer, but it was given to me by
forces of American imperialism and others who conspired with them. Um.
(13:15):
But for this guy, who has changed his philosophy so
many times and been at the center of so many
of the different facets of the civil rights movement and
black nationalism, he kind of loses his relevancy at the
end of his life. He completely did, and perhaps being
part of that non violent movement and just becoming so
(13:37):
disillusioned by the violence it inspired and other people, he
lost his place. Well. And I think that's interesting too,
how the major participants in the non violent civil rights
movement were affected differently by it. And you have someone
like this, like you said, the non violence driving someone
(13:58):
to violence and militancy, and then you have somebody like
John Lewis, you know, who sticks to that non violet creed.
We also talked a lot when we were researching this
about the different snack chairman and how interesting that was
to us. How different they all were, like John Lewis,
who he mentioned, but also you've got Marian Barry, he's
(14:21):
the first Snake chairman, and he got in trouble as
decent in trouble some very unsavoring activities, and someone like
you know, Stokely moving to Guinea and embracing Pan Africanism.
And then somebody like HTE Brown who is in prison,
is in prison. So it's I think it's so interesting
that um one organization there can produce such different people
(14:47):
from its leaders. So I think that wraps up Stokely Carmichael.
But if you would like to learn more about the
evolution of the civil rights movement, come and search for
it on our website at www dot how stuff works
dot and if you'd like to follow us on Twitter,
we'd love to have you. We're at Missed in History.
For more on this and thousands of other topics, becausit
(15:09):
how stuff works dot com, and be sure to check
out the Stuff you Missed in History class blog on
the how stuff works dot com home page
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