Suleiman the Magnificent and the Siege of Vienna

The Ottoman Empire's Suleiman the Magnificent was a head of state, a poet, a reformer of the military and a goldsmith. His reign had a significant impact on the law, literature and art of the Ottoman Empire.

Learn more about your ad-choices at https://www.iheartpodcastnetwork.com

See omnystudio.com/listener for privacy information.

Episode Transcript

Speaker 1 (00:01):
Welcome to stuff he missed in history class from house
stuff Works dot com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.
And I'm Wilson. This is gonna start not on topic,
but I'm going to loop it around, I promise you. So, Tracy,
when you think about Samuel Adams, what are the words

(00:23):
that come to mind? Boston Brewing, right, brewer, patriot because
it's on the bottles of the beer. Yeah, And he's
one of those that people. It's almost a joke now
that it's that juxtaposition of weird things together. Today's topic
is a man who is kind of similar. There are
a lot of things attributed to him. Uh. He was
the Ottoman Empire, Suleiman the Magnificent, and he was ahead

(00:44):
of state. He was a poet, he was a reformer
of the military. He completely you know, reorganized their legal system.
And he was a goldsmith. He was a busy bee
what I'm getting at h And his reign, as I said,
had a significant impact on the law, the literature, the
art of the Ottoman Empire. And during the time of
Suleiman the First, who was the tent Sultan of the

(01:05):
Ottoman Empire, the terry territory of his nation stretched from
the Balkans to North Africa. It was a major political power.
He really expanded their territory and expanded their culture. Uh
And Katie and Sarah actually discussed him briefly in their
episode The Cinderella of the Harem, which is about a
woman named rock Salana who was part of his harem
and became his consort and wife. Uh And they talked

(01:27):
about him briefly. But we're going to talk a lot
about him, and specifically uh the Siege of Vienna, which
is a military effort that he made that ended up
being pretty pivotal to um world history and culture and
many other things. So we are going to start with
his early life. Before Suleiman, there was Salim the First,

(01:51):
who was his father. Salim was known as Salim the
Grim in most Western translations, but also as Salim the
Stern or Salim the Steadfast. He actually wasn't Sultan yet
when Suleiman was born. At that point in time, Suleman's grandfather,
Sultan by A Zid the Second, was still the Sultan,
and Selim the First had many many daughters, but Suleiman

(02:15):
was his only son and thus the heir to the empire.
Suleman was born sometime between November and April of fourteen,
and a lot of sources place his birthdate at the
sixth of November fourteen. He was born in Trabzon, which
sits on the coast of the Black Sea in modern
day Turkey, and Selim the first was really really adamant

(02:38):
about education and that his son be well educated, likely
because he recognized that this was a child that was
in line to the throne and needed to be a leader,
so he needed to know a great deal and so
Suleiman was first when he was very small, schooled by
his grandmother, and then when he was seven, he went
to Istanbul to live with his father, Sultan by A
Zide the second, because Istanbul was the UH, the political

(03:01):
seat of the Ottoman Empire. And while staying in Istanbul,
Suleman was tutored by all of the great scholars of
the day. He learned about history, theology, science, art, and literature,
and he also learned about military strategy and tactics. Suleman
spent several years in Istanbul following this really rigorous course
of study before he went back home and Uh. When

(03:24):
he was home in traps On after a few years.
He was about fifteen when he decided that he felt
a little bit ready for some responsibility. So his grandfather
was still the sultan. His father was governing various parts
of the empire, but they decided that they would give
Suleiman governorship of Kafa in Crimea. When his father, Sultan

(03:47):
Selim the First, ascended to the throne in fifteen twelve,
Suleman got more responsibility. He became the governor of Menissa
in Western Asia Minor. But Salim's reign was relatively short.
He died quite young, at the age of fifty five
after getting suddenly ill. His exact cause of death continues
to be debated. There are all kinds of theories that

(04:07):
include poisoning, skin cancer, and a skin infection that he
got from spending too much time in the saddle on
his many military campaigns. And regardless of the cause of
Salem's demise, it brought Suleiman to the throne in September
of fifteen twenty at the age of roughly To kick
off his reign, Suleman launched campaigns against the Christian powers

(04:28):
of the Mediterranean. In Central Europe, the city of Belgrade,
which is in modern day Serbia was seized by Suleiman
in fifteen twenty one. The island of Rhodes spelled not
long after. That was in late fifteen or early fifteen
twenty three, that had been held by the Ninths of St.
John since the early fourteenth century. Yeah, that was a huge,

(04:49):
huge win for him. Of the Ottoman Empire had attempted
to take roads once before in fourteen eighty under the
military direction of Mimid the Second, but that had been
an unsuccessful camp pain. So very early on, Suleiman was
establishing himself as an extremely capable military leader. In August
of Suleman further advanced his forces in an effort to

(05:11):
expand Ottoman territory. The river port of Mohawks and south
central Hungary was also taken by the Turks, and this
battle resulted in the death of Hungarian King Louis the
Second and it had huge reverberations throughout Hungary for decades. Uh. Yeah,
this left Hungary with no king on the throne, and so,
as always happens when that there's a power gap, people

(05:35):
want to argue over who gets to sit there. The
Archduke of Austria at the time, Ferdinand the first claimed
this power, but the throne was also claimed by h
JOHNO Sepolia, also called Lord John of Transylvania. And Uh,
Suleiman really really did not delight in the Habsburgs, and
so he favored the Transylvanian claimant to the throne, and

(05:59):
he grean did recognition to John as ruler of Hungary
in a vassal capacity. Before we talk about what happened next,
which we'll take us to Vienna, let's take a brief
moment and talk about a word from a sponsor, so
to get back to the story. To cement his anti
Austrian stance on this whole matter, Suleiman also decided to

(06:20):
invade Vienna in nine So at this point Vienna was
one of the largest cities in Europe and it's sat
a hundred and fifty kilometers from the Ottoman border. More importantly, though,
it was at a vital trading position, So if Suliman
could have captured Vienna, he would have potentially gained control
over a whole lot of Europe. Yes, and he definitely

(06:41):
was into gaining control over a whole lot of things. Uh.
And while this was really a power and economic clash
in a bid for more power. The siege of Vienna
was painted as a jahad in a bigger conflict between
Islam and Christianity, but most historians will sort of tell
you that this was sort of a holy war only
on paper. Like they really the religion was not such

(07:03):
a big issue of it. And while the Ottoman Sultan
had met with great military success in many previous campaigns,
especially early on in his leadership, this one really really
challenged his troops and his knowledge of military action. This
campaign was mounted in the spring, as a hundred and

(07:24):
fifty thousand Turks left Ottoman Bulgaria and started moving towards Vanna. Flooding, however,
made some of the roots impossible. The artillery became waterlogged,
and the Ottoman camels, who were really not suited to
wet conditions, either got sick, they died, or they simply
couldn't negotiate in the mud. Courses and troops were also

(07:44):
swept away by heavy rains, and men are said to
have survived all of this by climbing trees and spending
several nights there. They were just not prepared for this
kind of weather. It was an unusually rainy spring and
so it really really uh kind of. I think even
if they had been prepared for that sort of weather,
they would not have been prepared for that level of

(08:05):
just wet, constant rainy weather. And aside from the difficulty
with the military operations in these conditions, the unusually wet
season had also significantly impacted crops, so grain was much
less plentiful than normal due to flooded fields, and it
also became prohibitively expensive to acquire. So the Turkish Army

(08:25):
was also dealing with a ration shortage sort of throughout
this campaign, Like there just was not enough food to
go around for Austria and Hungary to begin with, but
then to add a hundred and fifty thou additional men
tramping through not so much food available. By the time
the first horseman of the Ottoman Army finally got to Vienna,

(08:46):
it was late September, and this first wave played on
the fear and panic that had already swept through the
city as news of an impending attack had spread. So
the Ottoman Army brutally attacked the outskirts of Vienna. Women
and children were captured as slaves, and men were decapitated. Yeah,
there aren't many accounts uh, first hand accounts of what

(09:07):
happened during this time. But both sides, their accounts of
it are horrifying. Of course, one is like, yes, we
sure showed them, and one is like, yes, these people
are savages, uh, really really awful. Uh. And the Holy
Roman Emperor Charles the Fifth, for his part, was not
really quick to address the problems that were going on
in Vienna with this attack. He was busy fighting with

(09:29):
France uh because he was also trying to expand his territory.
Although he did eventually managed to send somewhere between seventeen
thousand and eighteen thousand soldiers for hire to Vienna uh.
And to pay these mercenaries, church treasures were smelted into coins.
On September twenty four, the Ottoman troops got to Vienna
on mass and Vienna was surrounded and cut off from

(09:53):
the rest of the Holy Roman Empire. The idea was
to force Vienna to surrender with this huge show of manpower. Yeah,
if you've been following the numbers, even after the four
months of tromping through the horrible rain and losing a
lot of men, they started with a hundred and fifty
thousand men and what what Charles the Fifth could muster
for Vienna's defense was a little over seventeen thousand, so

(10:15):
already that's a huge drop, and that almost doubled the
number of people in Vienna at the time. So even
so they're like at one third of what the Ottoman
Empire had. And uh, yeah, Suleiman didn't really want to fight.
He just wanted to lay down the law and have
a surrender, and he offered the citizens that if they
converted to Islam, they would all be spared. Surrender, suliman

(10:38):
slave messengers told Vienna would save the city and absolutely
no one would be harmed. But they were also very
clearly warned that if they did not surrender, there was
a blood bath coming and it would be brutal and
it would be absolutely unforgiving. But surrender did not come.
The Turks were really known for their well organized and
efficient military, so this was a pretty bold move on

(10:59):
Vienna as part the people there had taken to heart
the Holy War aspect of this conflict, and they saw
defiance as the only way to stay loyal to their
faith and to one another. As opponents of this very
different culture from the Ottoman Empire, and so on, September,
the U Siege of Vienna, the actual battle started, and

(11:21):
as you'll recall, in all of the flooding, uh Suliman's
army had to leave their heavy artillery early on in
the flood as they were marching to Vienna, and so
what they had left was, uh these smaller cannons, and
so they initially attacked the city with this sort of
quantity over quality approach where they were just volleying cannonballs
constantly at the city. Uh and these are the only

(11:44):
really sort of explosive weapons that they've been able to
salvage on their journey. But they were actually plotting and
preparing a much bigger attack than this constant volley of
small cannon fire. Throughout the series of cannon attacks, the
Ottoman army was digging tunnels and trenches around Vienna. They
were going to attack from below using explosive charges, and

(12:08):
this goal was to collapse the heavy wall that surrounded
the city. And meanwhile, the Turkish light cavalry, so these
have been the people that had gotten to Vienna first
and done some very savage things which and they were
also considered extremely skilled bowman. They continue to just terrorize
the countryside around Vienna. The slaughter of farmers and peasants

(12:30):
was intended to terrify the citizens of the city and
show them the brutality that awaited them if they continued
to resist the Ottoman army. According to Austrian Secretary of
War Peter Stern, who recorded the siege from the Vienna perspective,
the Turks were utterly ruthless in these attacks, impaled babies,
cereal rapes, and torture all described in abundance and Stern's account. Yeah,

(12:55):
once again, also from the Ottoman account, they are also
pretty congruent in terms of the things they were doing.
It wasn't like they were just painted as these horrible
people by the people that were victims, right, It's not
Vienna was portraying people as as being brutal. Yeah, they
were brutal, right, Although there are some historians that will
point to Starn's UH depiction of the Turks as sort

(13:19):
of like the seeds of an ongoing UH kind of
assumption that all of the Ottomans were savage like this
rather than just the army, like the whole people were
sort of painted in this light after this UH and
on September, So this has been going on for two days,
this sort of volley of attacks. A cold front came

(13:41):
in and it brought this heavy, seemingly endless rain, and
knowing that this weather was gonna hinder any Turkish assault attempts,
Vienna's morale was actually quite bolstered by this steady, inclement weather. Uh.
The opposite was true for the Ottoman camp. The early
arrival of winter weather was really like a low to
their morale. It was problematic. Remember there laying the explosive

(14:04):
charges under the city fuses that get wet don't really
do so much good. Uh. And they were just cold
and miserable. It wasn't whether they were used to they were,
you know, really struggling. The rain finally let up and
the tunneling operation resumed on October one, and on October six,
the Viennese sent several thousand troops out to attack the

(14:26):
Turks tunneling enterprise. And this move was actually orchestrated with
great precision. It was you would think it would be
tricky for a couple of thousand people to sneak around,
but they really managed to do it because they took
the Turks completely by surprise. And this move did shut
down the Ottoman attack from under the city, but unfortunately
many of the men fighting for Vienna were also lost

(14:47):
in the process. So while the Ottoman army did detonate
some of its explosives, the people of Vienna were ready.
There was a battle, but the breach that the explosion
had created was just too small to really enable the
Turks to get to take over the city. Morale and
the Ottoman camp, which was at this point going hungry,
really dropped to an extreme low, and so the leaders

(15:11):
of the Ottoman army decided that they would plan one final,
last ditch effort attack and in this attack, three groups
of soldiers were going to storm the city Uh. And
this happened on October twelfth, and this battle took about
two hours, and the Turks really lost a lot of
men Uh. The Viennese were ready for them, and as

(15:33):
they lost men, they also lost all hope of taking Vienna.
Accounts state that over the next two nights, the Ottoman
camp was full of screams that the Viennese could hear
because the Turks were killing all of their prisoners so
that they wouldn't have to be burdened with them any further.
The Dirks turned back for another long march home through
the cold and the rain and the mud, and once

(15:54):
again on the way home they lost animals and men
because of the weather. Yeah, there's far less dt all
accounts as to how many people they lost going back.
Probably the people that were keeping records were just as
demoralized as everyone else. Uh. And while Suliman's forces ultimately
lost the effort to take Vienna, they had destroyed enough

(16:15):
along the way that Archduke Ferdinand could not really assemble
a counter attack, and Suliman was able to fully establish
the vassal kingdom of John of Transylvania in Hungary. So
even though they kind of lost, they still uh got
some benefit from this whole long, arduous operation. In fifteen
thirty two, Suleiman attempted a second campaign into Austrian territory.

(16:38):
It was similarly beset by poor weather and it was
abandoned early on. These failures combined led Suleman to the
conclusion that there just was not a quick and easy
way to simply take over Austria, so he and Archduke
Ferdinand were able to come to a truce in fifteen
thirty three. Yeah, there were actually several truces that came
and went, so truces didn't always last forever, but that

(17:00):
did lead to this truth. Initially, Suliman really was an
accomplished man in many areas, not just battle, even though
he was extremely uh tactically gifted in the military sense,
and he was certainly brutal and calculating in war. I mean,
he knew about all of the horrible beheadings and baby
impalings and rapings that were going on in the name

(17:22):
of the Ottoman Empire, and he was fine with it.
But he has also described as a very gracious and
a very fair ruler, and under his reign, the Ottoman
Empire achieved its greatest heights of power. Its influence really
as a world power was greater than ever, and it's
recognized as a time of extreme cultural growth. It's often

(17:42):
referred to as the Golden Age of the Ottoman Empire.
He's called Suleiman a magnificent in Western historical accounts, but
in the Ottoman Empire he was called the lawgiver. Outside
of the religious law which didn't have which he didn't
have the power to alter, he made really great strides
in the legal system of the Turks. He did this
in a really methodical and studied way. He took all

(18:03):
of the laws that had been set by the preceding
non sultan's. He studied all of these laws at length.
He omitted duplicate legislation, and he condensed it all into
a simplified legal system. Yeah, he really took the most
scholarly approach to it imaginable, where he kind of put
together this database and and just figured out what was
overlapping and what was problematic and what was kind of

(18:25):
wasted effort, and really paired things down to a much
more efficient system. One tale that comes up periodically of
his very fair nature, uh involves his discovery that attacks
on goods that had been collected of some of the
people was collected at a higher rate than it should
have been. And he allegedly did these calculations and checked

(18:45):
the math himself, and when he realized the discrepancy, he
dismissed the governor responsible and replaced him and tried to
make good on this whole problem, like he really, you know,
can you imagine if people in a modern country got
taxed a little bit too much like h very rarely,
or people ousted and like the money given back or
some sort of like allowance is made to fix the problem.

(19:07):
It's kind of like, well, taxes were high last year. Yeah.
His poetry, which he wrote under the name Mukabee, is
praised for its sincere tone, and it covers a wide
range of topics from love for divinity to erotica and
there rocks a lot of episode Katie and Sarah talked
about some of the love poetry that he wrote for
his consort. Yeah, his poetry is so varied in terms

(19:31):
of topic that it mirrors sort of the many personas
he seemed to inhabit in his life. Uh, you know,
as this lawgiver, as an artist, as a patron of
the arts, as a man sattled with leadership. He really
seemed to have this sort of interesting approach where like
love and sort of you know, a divine connection with

(19:52):
your fellow man was higher than any sort of political state,
which is interesting to think about when you also think
about the brutal things that were done in his name.
And he also used this Ottoman convention that I'm fascinated by,
where the assigned numerical values of letters, so just the
way we would if we wrote numbers along our alphabet,

(20:12):
where a would be one, b would be two, etcetera. Uh.
These would be used the sort of to sort of
encode important dates in some literary works. So, for example,
when his son Mehmed died in fifteen forty three, Suleiman
wrote him a poem in which the nu miracle values
of the final lines letters some up to the year

(20:33):
of his son's death, which to me seems like so
wonderfully methodical. Uh. I kind of love the idea of
the sort of numbers driven poetry. His most famous line
of poetry translates to in this world, a spell of
good health is the best state. This is actually a
double antenra, playing on the word state to mean that

(20:54):
well being is actually more important than politics and power,
which again is an interesting exposition to his role as
a leader, where he really was like, let's expand the
empire as far as we possibly can, but he's still
always really promoted in his poetry that that's important, but
other things are way more important. Uh. And while he

(21:16):
raised grand armies for his military efforts, he paralleled them
by assembling equally impressive companies of intellectuals, so artists, philosophers,
theologians all benefited from his patronage. When he was sultan,
he popularized what's known as the Saze style of art
by bringing it into the royal court. The word size
is a Turkish term. It's associated with enchanted forests, and

(21:39):
the art in this style is characterized by extremely lush
folli agent blossoms. That's a style which still echoes today.
And any of our listeners who are stitchers and keep
up with fabric print trends, a lot of the designers
who produce cotton prints that are using quilting and apparel
are still using motifs that were popularized and during this
time so year in the no think Amy Butler and

(22:01):
tulip pink. Yeah, all of the sort of damascotton prints
that are very popular right now are the really or
the really overly sort of lush, really busy floral patterns.
But there they have kind of an interesting repeat to them.
Those are all borrowing from the art that was popularized
during this time. And architecturally, Sinnan, who is Suleiman's Chief

(22:23):
of the Corps of Royal Architects, designed two Moss complexes
and innumerable public buildings throughout the Empire. At Suleiman's requests,
that have become distinctive icons of Turkish design in their
design style, again still as echo today. The two mosques
in particular are visually quite stunning with this combination of

(22:44):
perfectly curved domes that are juxtaposed with these sharply stylized spires.
When Suleiman died in battle against Habsburg enemies on September six,
fifteen sixty six, he had been in power for forty
six years. He left behind several uns, and this led
to intrigue as sympathizers to one son were murdered to

(23:04):
reorganize the power structure to favor another. He was eventually
succeeded by Selim the Second, who only reigned for eight years. Yeah.
He I mean, there's a reason he's called magnificent, and
it's because he did some pretty impressive things. I mean,
he's one that I feel like we often say this,
but I feel like we could do so many episodes

(23:25):
on different parts of his life, for different aspects of
his influence. So if I left out your favorite part
about Suleiman, I'm sorry. We can't make everything a two parter.
Some people don't like them anyway, so we try to
balance it. But I absolutely love the portraits of him.
I can't wait till we pinned them all on Pinterest
because they're really cool, exactly sort of what you conjure

(23:46):
in your head when you think of a Sultan of
the fifteen hundreds with the giant onion wrap headgear. It's
absolutely beautiful and some of the paintings are just gorgeous.
But now for a gearshift, have listen to me, I
don't you? I do ring. So my first listener mail
is from our listener Ryan, and it is in response
to our Great Conto Earthquake podcast, and he says, greetings, ladies.

(24:09):
I've been living in Japan since nineteen four so I
always find your shows on Japanese history especially interesting. At
the end of the program, we were talking about how
hard it is to imagine what people were experiencing, and
you mention the Fukushima disaster of eleven. While that was
certainly terrible, I have always thought of the Great Hanshooon
earthquake that hit Kobe, primarily in January of n and

(24:30):
he links us to a video about how that all
played out, which is very frightening. Though it's narrated narrated
in Japanese, you get the image of just what the
whole event was like. As with the Conto earthquake, all
transportation into and out of the city was not functioning,
leaving emergency personnel and others hoping for help to be stranded.
I was stuck a few miles away in the north

(24:50):
part of Osaka, and the day was a beautiful winter day.
The smoke from the fires rose high into the windless sky,
first one column, then two, then four, five, until it
all combined into one very wide black cloud of smoke.
It was horrible to be stranded and to feel so helpless.
I mean, my first trip out to the city about
a week later, I walked about twenty kilometers across the

(25:11):
city and helped people carry water, the water to their
homes and apartments, and it's still something I remember very clearly.
Streets were sometimes blocked by fallen houses and other buildings.
Office buildings and apartments leaned out into the street at
about a sixty degree angle. That is so terrifying to
think about as my aside as I read this. Uh
the second floor missing, which was quite common for buildings

(25:32):
between roughly about five to ten floors. Hopefully no one
was on that floor at the time, and at another
apartment building, the bathroom was exposed about six floors up,
with the sink and the toilet leaning quite precariously out
over the sidewalk below. I went through the area shown
from about four minutes thirty seconds into the video a
month or six weeks after the earthquake, and it was

(25:52):
emotionally difficult. The whole area for a few miles was
leveled by the fires to roughly eye level, apart from
the odd stairwell or other cement building section that was spared.
I don't recall any violence that broke out as a
result of this difficulty, and quite the contrary, found the
Japanese to be quite resilient and even apologetic to me
as a Guijing, though I had had a much better
time with the difficulty than many of them had. Some

(26:15):
of my elderly neighbors thanked me each time they saw
me for the better part of a year for helping
them with some minor repairs or clean up immediately following
the earthquake. If you were to visit COVID today, you'd
likely not notice that anything had happened at all, and
it sometimes shakes me up a bit. When I realized
what part of the city I'm standing in and the
way that it was. Anyway, sorry that this is a
bit long, uh, and he kind of wraps up quickly.

(26:39):
But that's such a fascinating account because even though that
is a modern event that was what twenty years ago,
not that long, I still don't remember hearing that much
about it in detail. I'm sure it was covered on
the news. Uh. It's interesting because his modern telling sort

(27:00):
of the fear and the just completely discombobulated nature of
the city at that time is so similar to something
like Conto, where it's just like it's not even the
world we know anymore. Yeah, I don't think we had
reached quite the twenty four hour news cycle that we
have now, Like it was not to today's extent where
everyone is plugged into everything all the time and you're

(27:21):
watching the same footage over and over for three hours straight. Yeah,
so it is. It's very cool. Thank you so much
for sharing that experience with us, Ryan, I can't imagine,
and you put many of the images so eloquently that
I think it paid a really interesting picture for people
that have never lived through such an event. And then
I also have one other quick one which is from
a postcard that we got from I think it is

(27:43):
our listener, Debbie, and I apologize for not being confident,
but uh and going through the mail system, the back
of her postcard where she signed it got some stamping
that make it a little obscured, But she says Tracy
and Holly, I already planned to visit the Field Museum
before I listened to the podcast on Ruth Harkness. We
went to see the special exhibit on the World's Fair
since you mentioned it, we made sure to see Sulan

(28:05):
and the Lions of Tsavo. Once he one of you
mentioned wanting to go back to the visit the Field.
That was probably me. I have absolute rabies love for
the Field Museum. Now through uh September seven is a
great time while the World's Fair exhibit is open. It's
really the history of the Field Museum itself. I never
knew it was originally conceived as a museum of the
fair exhibits. Many cool museums start that way as like

(28:30):
a way to preserve things that happened at World's fairs.
Uh and it I really wanted to read this, mostly
to thank Debbie because it gave me great ideas about
doing histories on museums that are culturally important throughout the world.
There are a lot of them that you know, people
know by name all over the world, but they maybe
don't know the origin stories of So thank you, Debbie,
and thank you for this postcard, which I quite love.

(28:52):
And it looks very different from the field today. The
field itself looks the same that the surrounding area does not.
There's like nothing there whereas now if you're in Chicago,
go and you are anyway to the fields like you
cannot see so much open sky as that. Uh. If
you would like to write to us, you can do
so at History Podcast at house to works dot com.
You can also connect with us at Facebook dot com,

(29:13):
slash missed in History, on Twitter, at misst in history
and missed in History dot tumbler dot com, and at
pinterest dot com slash missed in History. Where As I said,
I promise there will be cool images pinned of Suama
to magnificent. If you would like to learn a little
bit more about what we talked about today, you can
go to our parents site, how Stuff Works and type
in the word Ottoman in the search bar and you

(29:36):
will get an incredibly interesting article called We're people vying
to become slaves in the Ottoman Empire? The short answer
is actually yes, and the reason why it's really quite
uh an interesting tale as well, so I encourage you
to read it. If you would like to read that
or learn about almost anything else you can think of,
you can do that at our parents site, which as
I said, is house of works dot com. And if

(29:56):
you would like to visit Racey and I at our
home on the web that is missed in history dot com,
where we have archived episodes, show notes, all kinds of history,
fun times. We can see any for more on this
and thousands of other topics. Is it how staff works
dot com