The Palmer Raids, Part 1

After WWI, there was a great deal of social unrest in the United States. Additionally, there was a fear that Communist revolutionaries would try to take over the country. Adding fuel to the fear were two bomb plots in 1919.

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Episode Transcript

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you get podcasts. Welcome to you, stuph you missed in
history class from how Stuff Works dot com. Hello, and

(01:03):
welcome to the podcast. I'm Holly Fry and I'm tra
C V Wilson. Uh So. After World War One, the
United States was in the midst of a lot of
social unrest. There were a lot of financial issues facing
the nation in the form of inflation and unemployment and
labor strikes. In nineteen seventeen, the Bolshevik Revolution, which established

(01:28):
the world's first communist nation, terrified Americans, and after the
war ended in November of nineteen eighteen, there was a
very pervasive fear, which came to be known as the
Red scare, that radicals in the United States would try
to stage a similar revolution. Additionally, the Spanish flu pandemic

(01:49):
that had started in nineteen eighteen also had people on edge. Additionally,
there was a lot of racism that was blowing up
in the form of violence. Uh. In short, the US
was in the state of feeling helpless and uncertain and
uneasy all the time. And this is kind of the
setting of what we were talking about today, which is

(02:12):
the Palmer Raids. And this is going to be a
two part episode, uh. And there are a lot of
moving parts to it, Like we're kind of jumping around
a little bit, where we'll talk about one thing for
a moment, and then another thing for a moment, and
then another. Uh. They're sort of in separate sections, but
they eventually all become part of this bigger picture. And
so the first thing that we're going to talk about

(02:34):
is actually the Sedition Act of nineteen eighteen. On my sixteenth,
the Sedition Act was passed by the US Congress, and
this act expanded on the previously existing Espionage Act of
nineteen seventeen. The Espionage Act had made a crime to
traffic and information with the intention that that sharing would

(02:55):
harm the United States and the war effort, or assist
any enemies of the United States, and the Sedition Act
was both more expansive and more focused. Anti war activists, pacifists,
and socialists were all targeted in its wording, and under
the Sedition Act, it became illegal to make false statements

(03:16):
that interfered with the war effort. It was illegal to
insult or in any way abuse the US government or
its representative, flag, military, or the Constitution. Agitating against the
production of war materials was also covered, as well as
teaching or defending any of the actions that were made
illegal in the language of the Act. The punishments outlined

(03:39):
in the Sedition Act were the same as those described
in the Espionage Act. If anyone was found guilty of
the crimes described, they could be fined up to ten
thousand dollars or jailed for twenty years, and both of
these punishments could be sentenced at the same time. So
keep the Sedition Act and the Espionage Act in mind.
But next we are going to hop to a different thing,

(04:03):
and we are going to talk briefly about a postal clerk.
And that man was named Charles Kaplan, and he was
a postal clerk working in New York City's main post
office in nineteen nineteen. And on April nineteen nineteen, over
the course of his normal work, he encountered sixteen small
parcels and they were all virtually identical, both visually UH

(04:25):
and in the fact that they all had insufficient postage.
And Kaplan set these parcels aside to be returned to
the sender at the return address on the package, which
was UH an address that was Gimbal Brothers, thirty Second
Street in Broadway, New York City, and they were marked
novelty samples. A few days later, while riding the train
home from work in the wee hours of April nine,

(04:50):
Caplan read the paper and one of the stories he
read detailed a small parcel, and the description of this
parcel was almost identical to these he had set aside
on the this parcel was delivered to former U. S.
Senator Thomas Hardwick in Atlanta, Georgia, and when Hardwick's made
open the package, it exploded. Both the maid and Hardwick

(05:12):
had survived, although the maid had been really injured by
the blast, and there was a lot of property damage. Yeah,
descriptions of her injuries very a little bit. They're pretty brief.
Some will say that her hands were actually blown off,
Others will say that they were crippled in some way,
but she was very, very injured. Kaplan immediately exited the train.

(05:32):
He jumped off at the next stop, and he ran
back to the post office. Uh and those sixteen brown
paper wrapped parcels that were in the store room that
he had set aside. The parcels, which indeed matched the
description that Kaplan had just read in the paper, had
not moved on to their next step in the process
of being returned. So Kaplan notified Postal Inspector W. E. Cochrane,

(05:54):
and the authorities were immediately called the New York City
Bureau of Combustibles, which is sort of fabulous name and
no longer exists in that particular nomenclature, opened some of
the parcels along with Cochrane because he was extremely good
at this. Apparently, upon examination by the Combustibles Bureau, these
parcels were deemed infernal machines, another kind of great name

(06:20):
for something really terrible they were. Today they would be
labeled as incendiary devices. They were addressed to JP Morgan Jr.
John D. Rockefeller, Mayor John F. Highland Police Commissioner, Richard
in Right, and a number of other well known businessmen,
politician and judges. So Kaplan had unwittingly discovered a serial bombing.

(06:43):
So after receiving all of this information, Postmaster General Albert
Burlison sent out an alert to all postal offices describing
these bomb parcels, with instructions to be on the lookout
for similar packages. The next day, one turned up in Salisbury,
North Carol linea addressed to State Senator Lee Slater Overman.
Additional parcels that all were identical, were identified in Nebraska

(07:08):
and Utah. In total, three dozen male bombs were eventually
found and identified. When the bombs were taken apart, they
were all identical in construction and experts were unable to
find a single fingerprint on any of the components. Manufacturers
of the type of paper that was used to wrap
the boxes, shared a list of all the dealers who

(07:30):
had been sold that type of paper in the proceeding
twelve months, and the government government authorities followed up on
all of those leads in an effort to identify who
ultimately bought the paper from the dealers, and it was
determined as well that an Oliver brand typewriter with a
misaligned lowercase W key and a defective lower case K

(07:51):
key was used to type the address labels on the boxes.
The labels with the Novelty samples Gimbal Brothers return address
determined to be forgeries and not the actual stationary of
that company. The investigation next led to a house on
West forty five Street where a number of other explosives
were cash, but what wasn't clear was who was collecting

(08:13):
all this material, Although investigations continued. We'll talk more about
the mail bombs and their coverage in the press and
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The discovery of those bomb parcels, which came to be
known as the May Day bomb plot, led to a panic.

(09:59):
A front page story in the New York Times on
May fourth read quote, there are more than two thousand
radical agitators in New York City who have been preaching
Bolshevism and the overthrow of the United States government, and
every one of these persons is now under investigation by
federal and local authorities. According to that same news article,
more than of those two thousand people where quote citizens

(10:23):
or subjects of foreign nations. Many were expected to be
deported with the process described in the following manner. Quote.
It is generally understood that a large number of them
are now being considered for deportation as persons whose presence
in this country is undesirable. All persons recommended for deportation
have to be passed upon by the Attorney General and

(10:44):
Secretary of Labor in Washington. Before the recommendation can be
carried into effect, an official from the Department of Justice
gave statements to the press that it was believed that
Bolshevik and Industrial Workers in the World i w W
papers were not only circulating in abundance in the United States,
but that the Bolshevik movement in North America was being

(11:06):
funded directly from the Lenin Trotsky government. The i w
W for Information was and still is a labor union
that was founded in nineteen o six in Chicago, and
the i w W was believed by the Department of
Justice to have a large reserve fund of its own
to promote an agenda of government sabotage. This brings us

(11:26):
around the Attorney General at the time, Attorney General Alexander
Mitchell Palmer or A. Mitchell Palmer and He was born
on May fourth, eighteen seventy two, in Moosehead, Pennsylvania. He
grew up a Quaker, first attending public schools and then
Moravian Parochial School before moving on to Swathmore College in Pennsylvania.
He graduated summa cum laude in eighteen ninety one and

(11:49):
went on to study law at Lafayette College and George
Washington University. Although he didn't finish his law degree, he
he did pass the bar exam in Pennsylvania and started
his law career in eighteen ninety three in Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania.
Early on in his professional career, he also became involved
in politics. Palmer was elected to the U. S. House

(12:10):
of Representatives in nineteen o five, and he held that
role for a number of years. His last re election
bid that he won was nineteen twelve, and during that
period that he served as a representative, he was instrumental
as a steady supporter and campaigner in securing the nineteen
twelve Democratic presidential nomination for Woodrow Wilson. Once Wilson was

(12:32):
in office, Palmer made the move to run for a
seat in the Senate in nineteen fourteen, but he lost
the election. Although he lost that race, he was soon
given a different sort of promotion by appointment, because Woodrow
Wilson appointed him to the U. S. Court of Claims
as a judge. But only a few months into that appointment,
Palmer changed his mind about the job and decided that

(12:53):
instead he wanted to go back into private law practice. Later,
Woodrow Wilson offered him another position, that of set Arry
of War, but Palmer turned it down, citing his Quaker
beliefs as the reason that he could not take that job.
Once the United States entered World War One, Palmer was
named Alien Property Custodian by President Wilson, and he did

(13:14):
take that job. That office was established on October twelfth,
nineteen seventeen, under authority of the Trading with the Enemy
Act to assume control and dispose of enemy owned property
in the United States and its possessions. So President Wilson
ultimately put Palmer into an even higher position in nineteen
nineteen when he named him Attorney General of the United States,

(13:37):
and Palmer started that job on March five of nineteen nineteen.
And initially there was criticism from Republicans that Palmer wasn't
aggressive enough in pursuing subversives who might wish to take
down the US government, but Palmer, eager to gain favor
as he had plans for a presidential bid, would eventually
earn the nickname the Fighting Quaker for the fervor with

(13:59):
which he carried out his duties. On the night of
June second, nineteen nineteen, just a few months into Palmer's
time as Attorney General, a man named Carlo Valdanocci approached
Attorney General Palmer's Washington, d c. Home. He had a
parcel with him, and the parcel contained a bomb. Palmer
himself had gone upstairs to retire for the evening about

(14:21):
fifteen minutes earlier, but valdanocs and scendiary device went off
while he was carrying it, and the front and a
significant portion of the bottom level of Palmer's home was damaged.
That's also killed Valdanocci. Yeah, Palmer had been in office
during that made a plot uncovery, but people thought he
was not very strong about it about following up on it. However,

(14:45):
this suddenly came to his own door and things changed significantly.
That bomb had been quite powerful, so it had, in
addition to blowing out the bottom floor of his house,
it had blown out the windows of the home across
the street as well, which was where Franklin and Eleanor
Roosevelt were living at the time. And it was Roosevelt
who had run across the street to offer assistance and Palmer,
who had run downstairs, who found the remains of Valdenocci's

(15:09):
body and anarchist literature that he had been carrying, which
led to the conclusion that this had been a terrorist
plot gone wrong. Also, this bomb at Palmer's home was
not an isolated incident. In the ninety minutes that followed
Valdinotte's explosion, seven other bombs exploded in New York, Pittsburgh, Boston, Cleveland, Philadelphia,

(15:32):
and Paterson, New Jersey, and among the targets were three judges,
a mayor, a state legislator, legislator, a Catholic priest, and
a prominent police officer, along with two businessmen. The coordinated
bombings had resulted in the death of a night watchman
named William Bayner in New York, although he had not
been one of the targets. Yeah, none of the actual

(15:53):
targets were killed in those those bombings. There are also
some accounts that suggest there were some other bystanders that
were injured, and some will even say they were killed,
but I couldn't verify any of those. The night watchman
is the only one that consistently comes up over and over,
so along with each bomb that had been delivered, there
were also several copies of flyers with the title plain

(16:15):
Words and I'm going to read part of it. It's
quite long, but I'm taking excerpts, and it reads The
powers that be make no secret of their will to
stop here in America the worldwide spread of revolution. The
powers that be must reckon that they will have to
accept the fight that they have provoked. Do not expect

(16:36):
us to sit down and pray and cry. We accept
your challenge and mean to stick to our war duties.
We know that all you do is for your defense
as a class. We know also that the proletariat has
the same right to protect itself. Since their press has
been suffocated, their mouths muzzled, we mean to speak for
them the voice of dynamite through the mouth of guns.

(16:58):
Do not say that we are acting cow wardly because
we keep hiding. Do not say it is abominable. It
is war, class war, and you were the first to
wage it under cover of the powerful institutions you call order,
in the darkness of your laws, behind the guns of
your bone headed slave. Our mutual position is pretty clear.
What has been done by us so far is only

(17:20):
a warning that there are friends of popular liberties still living.
Only now are we getting into the fight, and you
will have a chance to see what liberty loving people
can do. Do not seek to believe that we are
the Germans or the devil's paid agents. You know well
we are class conscious men with strong determination and no
vulgar liability, and never hope that your cops and your

(17:42):
hounds will ever succeed in ridding the country of the
anarchistic germ that pulses in our veins. We know how
we stand with you and how to take care of ourselves. Besides,
you will never get all of us, and we multiply nowadays.
Just wait and resign to your fate since privilege and
riches have turned your heads. Long live social revolution, down

(18:05):
with tyranny, and it is signed the Anarchist Fighters. So
next up we will detail the bombs in the second
attack as compared to those from the earlier incidents we
talked about, you know, tying those together. And before we do,
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The June bombs were significantly more powerful than the bombs
that had been discovered in the late spring. They contained

(19:51):
approximately twenty five pounds that's eleven point three kilograms of
dynamite wrapped in a package, each of them with metal
slugs to create this active shrapnelm As you may recall,
one of those springtime bombs maimed but did not kill
the woman who opened it, whereas this bomb that went
off while Valdanocci was carrying it killed him, presumably instantly,

(20:13):
blew out a significant amount of the building he was
in front of, and caused minor damage to other structures
on that same street, so significant increase in power. The
pink flyers and the plain words writing were chased to
a print shop run by two men types that are
Andrea Salsano and compositor Roberto Alia. Both men were followers

(20:34):
of an anarchist named Luigi Galiani and Carlo Valdanocci. The
man who had had his bomb go office he approached
Palmer's residents, had been an editor of one of Galiani's publications,
which advocated the use of violence to effect change. One
of the addresses in the made a Bomb plot had
been uh Ramie Weston Finch, who was an FBI agent

(20:58):
who had been investigating Galiani and his followers, so at
this point Galiani was heavily implicated in these bombings. For
an incredibly brief overview, just to try to contextualize its
connection to Luigi Guiliani's tempestuous life. He was from Ricelli, Italy,
and studied law at the University of Turin. During his

(21:19):
time in school, he became increasingly interested in politics, and
eventually his anarchist beliefs made him a wanted man in Italy,
so he fled his home country in eighteen eighty before
he was able to finish his degree. He ended up
living in France on and off for the next twenty years.
He then moved briefly to Switzerland but was deported. He

(21:39):
once again went to France, but then was deported back
to Italy and was ultimately imprisoned. After an escape from
confinement on the island Pentellieri Penteliera, which I may or
may not be butchering, he went to England and then
he emigrated from there to the United States, and he
lived in Paterson, New Jersey, and until an indictment are

(22:00):
inciting a riot when he tried to flee to Canada,
but he was refused entry. Allegedly he was literally just
pushed back across the border. He found a group of
like minded people, eventually in Vermont, and from there he
began publishing an anarchist periodical in nineteen oh three, which
ran for fifteen years from various locations before the US
government shut it down. You have, probably as a listener,

(22:23):
heard of the more well known anarchists Ecco and Vanzetti.
Galiani and his circle had ties to them, as well
as for the men who had made the flyers. Salsado
jumped or fell from the window of his cell in
the DJ's building on Park Row in New York. He
had been held there secretly for eight weeks, and there
were rumors that he died by suicide. To keep himself

(22:45):
from giving up names of collaborators, Alia was offered a
deal where his deportation would be canceled if he testified
about the anarchists and their organization, but he refused, so
two days after Salsado's death, Alien was given up to
the Department of Labor and moved to Ellis Island. The
Department of Justice contended that the men had both turned

(23:06):
state's evidence and then had been held secretly for their
own protection. The investigation into the second set of bombings
was led by Todd Daniel, who was a special agent
of the FBI, as well as the acting head of
the FBI, William Flynn. Flynn, who had been Chief of
the Secret Service, was lauded by Attorney General Palmer as

(23:27):
quote the leading organizing detective in America. Flynn is an
anarchist chaser, the greatest anarchist expert in the United States.
But just days after the June second bombings, a number
of people were being tracked as suspects and active participation
in the attacks. Over the next several months, Palmer invoked
both the Espionage Act of nineteen seventeen and the Sedition

(23:49):
Act of nineteen eighteen that we talked about at the
top of the show to assemble a special team led
by a lawyer from the Justice Department named j Edgar Hoover.
This team would go on to work closely with the
Immigration Bureau, both to investigate existing suspects and identify others.
Hoover and his team went after every possible scrap of

(24:12):
intelligence they could find to identify persons that they felt
were the most likely to take violent action, so At
this point, they were not just tracking who had possibly
participated in this bombing act, but anyone that they thought
might one day think that doing something similar uh was
a course of action they would try. So. When all

(24:33):
of their research was collected, Palmer was utterly convinced that
there was a communist plot to overthrow the US government,
and that there were tens of thousands of people in
the US working to that end, and he had compiled
a list of them that he was going to go after.
In the next episode, we will talk about the steps
that Palmer and his team took to address this perceived

(24:56):
communist threat, but for now, this is where we are
going to leave the story. Yes, so at this point,
there's a lot of fear that their communists literally lurking
everywhere in your neighborhoods, trying to uh slowly overtake the
entire US way of life, Like these two bombing plots

(25:16):
are legitimately caused for concern. To be very clear, we're
not saying, yes, you know, we're not saying they shouldn't
have investigated the bomb plots. Obviously that was a big deal,
but like this took on a much much greater scope.
Um for sure. Like I said, it really did transition
to I think you might be shady onto the list
you go. Yeah, there's there's an episode in the archive

(25:40):
already about McCarthy and the Red Scare and how that
ties together. I feel like this this part is not
as well known as that like today, I feel like
the McCarthy era there's a lot better known than the
Palmer Raids that we're going to talk about. Yeah, and
part of that is just a matter of documentation, Like
there is a lot of documentation on the Palmer Raids,

(26:01):
but then the McCarthy era stuff was later enough that
there were more forms of communication that we're more common,
so more people knew about it instantly. Uh. Yeah, the
Palmer Raids are are one of those points in history
that does not often get a lot of attention. Yeah.
I think you also have something in lieu of listener
mail today. I do. It's sort of a response to

(26:25):
a lot of listener mail. Uh. So we have had
I mean, in the time since we have been doing
this show together. I can't speak for a previous host,
but in the time the years that Tracy and I
have been doing this, we get a really steady stream
of requests to cover the United States interment of Japanese Americans,

(26:48):
which is something we want to cover, yes, but we
have not gotten to it yet, even though it is
high on our list. At this point, we have a
lot of things that are very high on the list. However,
if you would like to learn a little bit more
about that, there is an opportunity coming your way, uh
not through us, but through familiar familiar name in that

(27:10):
particular subject. So um, many of you probably know that
George T. K put together a musical called Allegiance that
ran on Broadway during the season, which was inspired by
the case true life experience as an internee during the
Japanese American internment during World War Two. And so this

(27:31):
was a really amazing play. It got a lot of
praise and a lot of people were really quite blown
away by it. But unfortunately, not everybody gets the chance
to go to Broadway. So they had filmed it during
its run on Broadway, and now they are going to
distribute it via Fathom Events for a one night special

(27:51):
event in more than six hundred cinemas around the country.
This is on Tuesday, December, so it's coming up right
away at seven thirty pm. Local time. So they are
also inviting mayor state legislators, governors, and US representatives and
senators in each of the currently programmed locations to attend
this screening of Allegiance. But that means that also you

(28:13):
can buy tickets and see this story too, so you
will get, you know, this point of view of how
that interment went down. So if you would like to
get tickets to George De Kay's Allegiance, the Broadway musical
on the big screen, you can do that. You can
purchase those online at Fathom events dot Com or you
can go to your local participating theater box office. Remember

(28:34):
it won't be in all theaters. It is in six
theaters nationwide, so check that Fathom events dot com website.
They will have the list of theaters where it's going
to be. I highly recommend it. You know, this is
one of those unique situations where there is a very
important part of history that we still have living legacy
of it that can talk about it in the first person,

(28:54):
which we don't have very often in the things that
Tracy and I speak about. So it is unique in
that regard, and you're going to get a point of
view that you would not normally get from a history book.
So I highly encourage you to go see it. We'll
talk about it again just so you have a reminder.
But I think that's important. Well, and I saw George
Kay give the keynote address at a conference that I

(29:16):
was at one time where he talked about that. Um
And while I have not seen the play, has been
very highly acclaimed. Yeah, the reviews of it were really
quite good. Uh. So again, go see it, Go do it.
I'm actually quite bummed because I will be on a
plane when it happens. Yeah, I have a work commitment
and I'm trying to figure out if I can do

(29:37):
both things hopefully hopefully. But we encourage you go see
it because it's a like I said, it's a great
way to engage with history on top of being a
really important thing to talk about and share with us
how you liked it. If you go, we would love
to hear. Uh. In the meantime, you can also share
with us your thoughts on history if you write to

(29:58):
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(30:19):
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(30:41):
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