The Sepoy Rebellion of 1857

The Sepoy Rebellion was the result of many, many influences and stressors on the cultures of India living under British rule. In Britain, it's called the Sepoy Mutiny or the Indian Mutiny, but in India, it’s called the First War of Independence.

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Episode Transcript

Speaker 1 (00:01):
Welcome to Steph you missed in history class from how
Stuff Works dot Com. Hello, and welcome to the podcast.
I'm Holly Fry and I'm Tracy V. Wilson. And the
idea for today's episode actually came from fiction. Came from
Jules Verne, to be precise, in his book Mysterious Island,

(00:24):
readers finally get the backstory and Captain Nemo. As you
may or may not know, Mysterious Island came out after
twenty leagues into the sea, and Verne's enigmatic villain is
explained in this as a runaway royal of an Indian
state named Prince Dakar. And in the book, Verne weaves
real events from history in with his fiction. In the book,

(00:46):
de car supported and fought in the Sepoy Rebellion and
ended up losing everything because of it, which catalyzed his
running away from India forever and becoming Captain Nemo. But
the Sepoy Rebellion was a very real event. It's also
part of the second Sherlock Holmes novel called The Sign
of the Floor, which in a weird confluence of events,

(01:09):
I was listening to Sign of the Floor on the
way to Seneca Falls and back as you were stumbling
across it in uh in Jules Vern simultaneously this happened, Yeah,
and I was like, that's a thing we should talk about. Uh.
And it's one of those incidents that when you look
it up, it has many different names. We were going
to use Sepoy Rebellion, but if you look at it

(01:30):
from things written from the British point of view, it's
usually called the Sepoy Mutiny or the Indian Mutiny. In
India it is called the First War of Independence, and
the Sepoy Rebellion was really the result of many, many
influences and stressors on the cultures of India that were
living under British rule. At that point in time. The
British East India Company was pretty much administrating in a

(01:52):
lot of India's territory, and literally entire books could and
have been written about it. But today we're going to
break down the primary causes for the unrest that catalyzed
this uprising, and we're going to talk about some of
the battles, though not all of them. It was a
particularly grizzly series of engagements, but we just want to
give you a general sense of this important moment in
India's history, and to start that all off, we really

(02:14):
have to lay some groundwork and context by talking about
the British East India Company. From seventeen fifty seven to
eighteen fifty seven, the British East India Company became the
ruling entity in India, and by eighteen twenty British interests
were controlling most of the political and economic aspects of India,
and even the country's culture was being heavily dominated by

(02:37):
the imposition of British ideas, and India, unlike many other
British colonies, wasn't really seen as a place for British
people to move to. It was definitely more of a
situation where a relatively small number of people there were
white men from the British aisles, but they were controlling
the lives of massive numbers of Indian people, and they
were basically just trying to like use all the resources

(03:00):
as there rather than like make it a place that
would be a new home for for the Brits, and
the Indians lost more and more of their power and
way of life through a very deliberate process on the
part of British officials. The East India Company, which was
founded as the world's first limited liability company in sixteen
hundred under Queen Elizabeth. The first reign had been in

(03:21):
India since sixteen o eight. By the eighteen hundreds, it
had achieved a high level of power in the region
through deals with Indian royalty. The East India Company had
over time instituted agreements that enabled the company to keep
military forces and British residents within each of the states,
and in exchange, the company would support the royal families

(03:42):
and their descendants. Yes, So, for context, India at this
point was not one unified country. It was a lot
of different princely states or provinces depending on what you're
looking at. Some will call them states and some will
call the provinces. But they had to negotiate individual deals
with each of these territories to work out getting their
people in there and using the resources there. And these

(04:03):
partnerships really opened the door for the British to have
progressively greater influence in matters of Indian politics. So to
be clear, the Indian princely states entered into these agreements
under the premise that working with the e I C
was going to grow and improve them like they really
thought it would be pretty beneficial. The British East India
Company was building infrastructure and providing administrative leadership, but it

(04:25):
was also stacking the deck ever higher in its own favor,
chipping away the power of the Indian people and improving
its financial earnings. At the same time. And the late
eighteen forties, James Andrew Brown, Ramsay, Marquess and tent Earl
of Dalhousie arrived in India, and under Lord Dalhousie the
reach of British interests in the country expanded significantly. And

(04:48):
I should make a point because this was my note
that Tradesy just read. The marquess title will come into
play later. He wasn't marquess when he arrived there, but
he became that while he was working in India. So
Lord Dalhousie came from a family that was distinguished for
its long line of military and public servants, but it
was not a particularly wealthy family, and some of his

(05:08):
career ambition may have been driven by a desire to
prove himself despite not being from a particularly moneyed lineage.
In eighteen thirty seven, at the age of twenty five, Dalhousie,
who was then a newlywed became a member of Parliament.
He served as President of the Board of Trade under
Sir Robert Peel's Tory ministry and made a name for

(05:28):
himself in that role as an efficient administrator. When the
Whigs came to power after Peel's resignation, dal Housie took
the position of Governor General of India and Lord Dalhousie
traveled to India for his new job in eighteen forty eight,
and one of his first actions in his new role
was to send British troops to settle an uprising in
Maltan that resulted in British annexation of the Punjab province

(05:52):
in eighteen forty nine. Although initially he actually neglected to
take any action, he was pretty hesitant, and this resulted
once it was all played out in Dalhousie receiving that
title of Marquess. But there were rumors that he had
actually allowed the uprising to go on and reach a
critical level before stepping in because he had hoped to
annex Punjab and get a little accolade for himself all along.

(06:17):
The Second Burmese War also unfolded under dalhouses term as
Governor General of India and that instance, the fighting was
mercifully brief. It lasted less than a year and casualties
were minimal. But the end result was another expansion of
the British footprint. As Rangoon and the surrounding Burmese province
were all annexed, Rangoon developed into a massive and important port.

(06:42):
So Britain not only took on greater landholding, but also
ended up with a significant and important nexus of import
export business. Yes, so for the brief British East India
Company that was like a win win win, So he
was in this regard really making some pretty big accomplishments
for the British. One of the non military means that
Lord Dalhousie instituted to seize more land and power for

(07:05):
Britain was a system called the doctrine of laps. And
though much of India was already controlled either directly or
indirectly by the British East India Company, there were still
royal rulers in India's provinces, and as we mentioned earlier,
there had been agreements in place that put Britain in
the power seat in these provinces. One of the customs

(07:26):
that grew out of these ultimately unbalanced agreements was that
if a ruler had no biological air, they could ask
the British government for permission to adopt one. This process
of choosing a successor when an air was not produced
by birth was a long standing practice in Indian princely states,
and prior to Dalhousie's time, the request to select an

(07:47):
air was largely a paperwork formality. But under his management
of such matters that really changed. Dalhousie realized that denying
such requests and leaving states without airs would make it
much easier to appropriate those states as British territories with
a lapse in the line of succession. He could step
right in an annex, We're going to talk about the

(08:10):
expansion of Britain's territory in India under this new doctrine,
but first we're going to pause, have a quick sponsor break.
So under the so called doctrine of laps, the British
East India Company, acting on behalf of the British government,
could also determine if an Indian ruler was competent in

(08:31):
the role, and if the company deemed that to not
be the case, the state could be seized to be
governed by the British crown. Several princely states were annexed
under this policy, and the Indian people were not happy
about it. They saw the doctrine of laps as completely
illegitimate and as merely a means for the British to
overstep their role and gain even more power. So under

(08:54):
the doctrine of laps the Company was able to annex
eight princely states when they were left with no air.
But when Dalhousie annexed the state of Aud in eighteen
fifty six, it was an occasion when the British East
India Company had deemed the ruler known as the Naab,
incapable of governing, and the Nawab had airs, but based
on the British deeming the ruler incompetent, the British East

(09:16):
India Company moved in to take control of the state.
Of course, that made the annexation and transfer of power
to the British a contentious situation, and in addition to
taking power from a living ruler rather than absorbing a
state without leadership, it also shifted the conditions for a
significant number of people in a fairly unique way. So

(09:39):
there were Indian troops at this time serving in the
British Army. Those men were called sup boys. That was
a word that had its roots in the Persian word
for cavalryman. And many of those men were from the
state of Aoud and were from the two highest cases.
And the transition from being a high ranking citizen of
a princely state with landhole dings to being a subject

(10:01):
under British rule equal to all the others downgraded their
positions of relative privilege, and it took away their land
in the process. So that did not sit well, and
the unrest that was already brewing because of British rule
in India became even more pronounced in what the citizens
of Award felt was basically a hostile takeover. Dalhousie actually

(10:22):
left India later in eighteen fifty six, leaving a very
tense situation in his wake. In addition to the outright
takeover of aout, the social structure of India had also
been up ended by the British. Many Brahmin's, historically Hindu,
India's highest social cast, had lost portions of their wealth

(10:42):
and their power as Britain and the Company had placed
their own people in prestigious positions and had taken away
opportunities for most people to build their fortunes. Furthermore, all
the westernization that Dalhousie and the Company saw as a
huge achievement was seen much less favorably by India's people.
There were missionaries there then trying to convert Hindus to Christianity,

(11:06):
and it was rumored that forced conversions might be enacted.
There was also talk that the company wanted to get
rid of the cast system. Additionally, Dalhousie had backed efforts
and women's rights, including education for girls and legalizing remarriage
for widows. And while these we may see these as
great strides through the modern lens, all of this was

(11:26):
a huge shift in the culture of the Indian subcontinent,
and there were changes that were being made by foreigners
who had moved in and taken power. All of this
really contributed to growing unrest and the Bengal Army was
a whole other story. The Bengal Army in particular, there
were three armies that were run by the British East
India Company, but the Bengal Army had inherent prestige attached

(11:50):
to it, as it had been in the service of
Britain for some time and had really distinguished itself and
sit boys who served in the Bengal Army they made
up the vast majority of the soldiers were very attached
to the sense of honor that came with their service,
but they also felt that they were in a position
to make their own demands about how they ran things,
both because of years of history and because they were

(12:11):
in the higher tiers of the cast system. They required
a large staff of camp followers that traveled with them,
and they also wouldn't travel overseas. They would only go
to places that they could march to. And while these
stipulations were met for a time by Britain, the whole
setup was really wearing thin by the mid eighteen hundreds.
Within the sepoy ranks of the army there were problems

(12:33):
as well. The Hindu and Muslim soldiers serving the British
were given lower pay than expected because Nepalese and Pujabi
men were willing to serve for less money and without
the requirements that the Bengals step boys made. This also
meant that the cast system demands were less and less
honored by the British. Step boys were passed over for

(12:55):
promotion in favor of white soldiers. The Hindu soldiers, which
made up the largest group, had been recruited from the
two highest casts in their culture, so they felt incredibly
insulted to then be treated as though they were lesser
than the British soldiers. Yeah, and as they were annexing
all of these additional territories if they had to battle there,

(13:16):
they were no longer considered um on foreign soil, so
they would not get this additional pay that they would
have normally gotten in a foreign engagement. Like they basically
all of their their stuff was getting chipped away. But
even though there were all of these multiple factors, I mean,
there are cultural issues going on, there, some financial issues
going on. Uh, there even some fears that Westernization is

(13:39):
going to be forced on them in certain ways. The
actual cause of the Sipoy rebellion is often reduced to
one thing, which is a new rifle being issued to
the troops serving Britain in India. And this is sometimes
even used as a trivia point. You will literally see
it on like kind of quizzes about do you know
history that will say what single gun caused the Sipoi rebellion.

(14:00):
This was the end field rifle that was issued and
had lubricated cartridges. The ends of the cartridges had to
be bitten off to load the rifle, and a rumor
began to circulate that catalyzed a whole new level of
discontent within the ranks. Word began to circulate that the
cartridges were being lubricated with a combination of lard from

(14:21):
both pigs and cows. So Hinduism and Islam were the
two most common religions in India then as they are now,
and these made up a lot of the sit boy ranks.
Islam forbids the consumption of pork, and Hinduism sees cows
is sacred and eating beef is completely unacceptable. So the
sit boys serving the British military of the East India

(14:42):
Company were suddenly faced with the idea that they had
just been handed weapons that were insulting to their religions.
It's actually unknown whether this information was correct and where
the rumor began, but regardless, it was seen as just
another step the British were taking the made it crystal
clear that they had no regard for India's culture. Some

(15:05):
stain boys believed that the British had purposely tainted the cartridges,
and that it was absolutely not an oversight or an accent,
instead part of a larger intention to destroy India's religions.
And it seemed that the British did not really grasp
just how problematic the situation was. Yeah, there are some
stories of like, um, individual officers trying to like work

(15:30):
with this problem and be like, Okay, what if we
change the way that we do things so you don't
have to bite the cartridge and off you can tear
it with your hand and so it won't be touching
your mouth and it won't be quite so problematic, and
and others suggest even that there were some officers that
were like, well, maybe you guys could use a different weapon.
But none of those sorts of efforts were made at

(15:51):
anything other than a pretty small local level, like they
never filtered out to the larger army as like an
actual uh de jian that was made across the board.
So there were really way more people that were still
dealing with this problem than than those that were trying
to be worked with by their British officers. And so
all of this led to the first incident of the

(16:13):
Sipoy Rebellion which took place on March twenty nine of
eighteen fifty seven, and at that point a twenty nine
year old ship boy named Mongol Pondi, who was a Brahmin,
attacked to British officers. He had joined the sixth Company
of the thirty four Bengal Native Infantry for what he
saw as a path to a successful career, but this
situation with the end Fields was simply too horrifying for

(16:36):
him to continue his military ambitions. The actual attack and
how it played out is really difficult to know because
accounts of this event just very all over the place.
Pondi may have tried to get several other men in
the company to revolt with him, and he may have
first refused to use the Enfield rifle as a less

(16:56):
violent protest. But what we do know is that he
made a solo attack on the two officers and may
also have tried to turn the gun on himself. Yeah,
there are stories that he fired and that one of
the shots missed the officer and hit his horse, And
the turning of the gun on himself is real awkward,
like it sounds like he had to. There's literally an

(17:18):
account I read that says he tried to pull the
trigger with his toe because it was a rifle he
wasn't dealing with like a small pistol. So it's a
little crazy and hard to piece together what really really happened.
But he was arrested for this attack. He was tried
and found guilty, and his sentence was death by hanging,
and initially his execution was scheduled for April eighteenth, but

(17:41):
the British wanted to handle the matter quickly in the
hopes of avoiding a larger rebellion that might grow grow
if Pondi was sitting in his cell for several weeks,
so to speed things along, they moved his hanging up
by ten days to April eighth, which was very shortly
after the verdict had taken place. Up next, the events
after the execution will unfold really quickly, But first we're
going to take a quick break to hear from one

(18:03):
of our sponsors. Later on in April, sit boys stationed
at Merout refused to use the end fields. They didn't
attack anyone, but they still faced a steep punishment for
their insubordination. They were fettered and put in prison with
a ten year sentence, and this treatment stirred the rest

(18:25):
of the already uneasy Seapoys at Merrit A few weeks later,
the uprising began in earnest when the merrit Sepoys shot
the British officers in command of their company on May tenth.
While some Sepoys escorted the families of European officers from
their quarters, some officers and their families were instead rounded
up and massacred and secluded women and children. The sit

(18:48):
Poys next march to Delhi, one of the few places
without any white troops, and they rallied the Sepoys station
there to their cause. Both Hindu and Muslim soldiers marched together,
united in their fresh ration and anger. Delhi was seized
and the Sippoys put eighty one year old by herder Shaw,
the Second in power as emperor by herder Shaw the

(19:08):
Second was the Mughal emperor and had allowed the East
India Company to run Delhi's tax collection in exchange for
a pension. The Sippoys were able to convince the elderly
man to side with the rebellion, with the goal being
to take back independence from Great Britain and the East
India Company. It's a matter of debate whether he truly

(19:29):
signed the proclamation of his instatement as Emperor of India
of his own volition, or whether he was coerced or
even forced. The supply rebellion had officially begun, and it
unfolded brutally over the next thirteen months. What was truly
surprising to the British was how incredibly violent the sip
Boys were in their efforts, and this really created a

(19:51):
desire for vengeance. There was a lot of retaliatory darkness
as well, and as the rebellion gained momentum, fighting broke
out in more places, not just within the military, and
in some places the civilians got involved. For example, off
duty British officers, if they were seen in the streets,
would sometimes be attacked by civilian groups. The British response

(20:14):
played out in three stages. First, they fought at Delhi,
Compoor and luck Now, all of which had been taken
by insurgents throughout the sweltering summer heat. The siege of
Delhi alone lasted from July into September. By the time
the British had concluded their efforts to retake Deli, it
was completely destroyed Battershot. The second was exiled and his

(20:37):
two sons were killed them. The sip Boys who had
been captured by the British during the Siege of Deli
were punished in truly horrific ways. The truly terrible acts
that had been carried out by the Sip Boys elicited
and even more brutal and savage retaliation from the British.
So Sit Boys in some cases were just killed in
massive numbers, like hundreds at a time, bayon aitted while

(21:00):
there's were shot out of cannons to kill them. Uh,
which is really troubling to think about. British troops were
really really motivated by revenge to also kill Indian civilians.
Second came the Winter Effort at luck Now in the
end of eighteen fifty seven. In the early part of
eighteen fifty eight, this took place in stages, as a

(21:21):
relatively small group of British forces was able to chip
away at the larger Stipoid numbers in the early autumn.
In October, a much larger group arrived and they first
evacuated all women and children, then the remaining non combatants.
After pulling back to regroup, the British army advanced again
in March and was able to retake the city, and finally,

(21:45):
uh Sir Hugh Rosie led an effort to finally put
down the remaining pockets of resistance in the second quarter
of eighteen fifty eight, and some of those pockets were
actually made up of men who had managed to flee.
Luck Now, there were more battles and more atrocities of
war throughout the rebellion, but they played out more or
less the same as these. The sip Boys took numerous

(22:07):
cities and killed many British citizens, and then the British
military would slowly advance and eventually retake them, more through
practice strategies than through an actual numerical advantage. We do
want to say like these were really really horrific on
both sides, like the fighting was just so brutal and

(22:27):
so inhumane in so many ways. But we also need
to point out that there were in each of these
instances sip Boys that remained loyal to the British army
and actually fought against their fellows who had led the rebellion.
And additionally, there were also men on both sides who
spoke out against their fellow soldiers treatment of women, children

(22:48):
and civilians, and the brutality that they were willing to employ.
On July, the rebellion was declared to be over, and
by the time the fighting ended, both sides had suffered
huge losses of both people and resources. The portions of
the Indian subcontinent that were under the rule of the
East India Company were in shambles, and while the supply

(23:10):
rebellion was in and of itself a failure in its
goal to rest power from Britain, it is seen as
the beginning of the end of British rule in India.
And most of this, we should mention happened kind of
in the northern part of India. Um I was reading
one account that said, like the southern part was almost
completely untouched and it was pretty quiet, uh, just in

(23:32):
terms of reference for geography. But after the rebellion ended,
Great Britain decided that the East India Company should no
longer be serving as the authority in India, and the
British government assumed direct control. There was also a significant
amount of financial fallout from all of that fighting, and
it took a while for the finances of the country
to be reorganized. The British forces in India were also reorganized.

(23:56):
When the supply revolt began, there had been far more
Indian men in the British armies than there had been
European men, but that ratio was shifted to make suppoise
the minority after the revolt. Additionally, while Britain continued to
recruit men from India, they didn't do so in the
areas that had revolted. The army was so carefully arranged

(24:18):
to ensure diversity in units. The hope was that in
mixing together a variety of ethnicities, there wouldn't be any
one dominant group that could lead to an uprising again.
Britain also adopted a policy of actually consulting with representatives
of India to avoid the cultural tone deafness that had
led to the state of such frustration and unrest to

(24:39):
begin with. But of course it wasn't as though they
were like, okay, we understand, will go now. They also
continued to expand the British administration there. Talhousies return home
to Great Britain was soured once the rebellion began and
news reached Europe, and while he had been lauded for
his accomplishments for the company and the Crown and his

(25:00):
seven years of service as governor. General. Criticism was also
leveled that his ambition had created unnecessary tension that in
turn had catalyzed the rebellion. There are plenty of places
where you will see a large proportion of the blame
place squarely on Dalhousie for all of this, and he
is recognized as uniting much of India into a more

(25:23):
centralized entity rather than a scattering of separate states. But that,
as well as the transportation improvements that he made in
India as part of his westernization and modernization effort, is
often eclipsed by his part in fueling the unrest that
led to the eighteen fifty seven rebellion. Dalhousie died in
eighteen sixty, just four years after he left India, and

(25:45):
in a thing that struck me as a little funny
in terms of coincidence, because he had only daughters and
no sons, his marcusate ended with him. Mongol Pondi is
seen as a hero and freedom fighter in India and
his story has been adapted it into books as well
as film, television and stage productions. Given the magnitude of

(26:08):
this event and like how violent and devastating that it was.
It does not surprise me at all that there is
a lot of um like fictionalized versions of it from
Indian literature and then also a lot of it in
nineteenth century British literature too. Yeah, I mean, it really

(26:29):
was sort of like a a flashpoint in terms of
global events and particularly the relationship of course between Britain
and India, which carried on in additional ways. We hadn't
gotten to the point at this stage yet when Queen
Victoria was declared Empress of India, the troubling, troubling situation.

(26:50):
But so I mean that that relationship continued to evolve
in some some unfortunate ways, but just the same, this
is still considered the beginning of the end of British rule,
even though the British really took more power and for
a little while and then things eventually shifted back. Yeah,
it's really it's one of those things that I found
a lot of things that wrote about it, and it's

(27:11):
like some of those things were so horrific, like the
men being shot out of cannons and stuff that, uh,
some histories tend to want to gloss through it, just
because you can tell they don't want to get into
gory details. They go it was horrific. Just know it
was horrific. And here's what happened next, Like, instead of
getting into the nuts and bolts of how truly unkind

(27:33):
and brutal people could be, do you want some slightly
less heady and more fun listener mail, I definitely do.
The sun is about Carrie Nation. Uh. And this is
from our listener Madison, and it says, Hi, Tracy and Holly,
i absolutely love listening to your podcast and I've had
the best time trawling through the archives. I was listening
to the latest episode Carrie a Nation Part one on

(27:55):
the website and I was struggling to figure out where
I had seen the image of her before, and by
the end of the episode, I remembered I live in
the inner west of Sydney, Australia, and there's a trendy
wine bar here called the Temperance Society, and their logo
is a picture of none other than carry a Nation.
Whenever I suggest to friends or family who aren't local
to our suburb that we go there for a drink,

(28:16):
they think I'm making a terribly clever joke. I've sent
you a link to their Facebook page where you can
see their profile image is Carrie Nation herself. I was
so chuff to realize that one of my favorite podcasts
had a tiny and quite abstract link to my little
life in Sydney, Australia. Thanks for all the work you do.
I spend many hours of my days listening to your
intelligent and insightful discussions, Madison. Thank you so much. I

(28:37):
love that we have been like sort of finding out
that uh many people have thumbed their noses and Carrie
nations temperance desires and have opened bars in her name.
Not just the one in Boston, there others. It kind
of cracks me up. I feel bad. I'm sorry, Carrie Nation.
I shouldn't feel bad, or I shouldn't um, I shouldn't
laugh that the thing you fought for is now kind

(28:57):
of turned into a way to make money and cell booze.
But I do it. Uh. I also have a really
cute postcard that we got from our listener, Lianne, and
it is from the National Museum of Roller Skating, which
I did not even know existed. But it is in Lincoln, Nebraska,
and now it is on my list of museums I
would love to go to because I have fond memories

(29:18):
of roller skating in my basement as a child. Um.
Since hi, Tracy and Holly, I thought you might enjoy
this lovely historical roller skating fashion. This museum is actually
full of beautiful costumes and fascinating relics from the history
of roller skating. Thank you so much for your podcasts.
You make every day I listen to you a better day,
and I have learned so much from you. Keep up
the great work. And it's this beautiful picture of a

(29:39):
woman and a little Victorian ensemble, uh, wearing her roller
skates and looking very zazzy, and like always happens when
we get cool pictures like this, and like I want
to make that outfit. Will it happen? I don't know.
I haven't roller skated in a long time. I'd probably
break my neck. But you would like to write to us,
you can do so at History Podcast at how stuff

(30:01):
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to visit our parent site, which is how stuff Work,
so you can do that type in almost anything you're
interested in. In the search bar, you're gonna get an
assortment of fun content UH to explore and learn from.

(30:22):
You can also visit us at missed in history dot com,
where we have an archive of every episode of the
show ever of all time, as well as show notes
for any of the episodes that Tracy and I have
worked on together UH, and occasional other goodies. So we
hope you come and visit us at missed in history
dot com and how stuff works dot com. For more

(30:44):
on this and thousands of other topics, visit how stuff
works dot com.