How Marijuana Works

For millennia people used marijuana for fun and medicine. Not until the 20th century that was it vilified, unfairly say many. Weed has done lots of good things, from alleviating cancer symptoms to unlocking secrets of the brain. Learn all about pot here.

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Episode Transcript

Speaker 1 (00:01):
Welcome to Stuff you should know from house stuff Works
dot com. Hey, and welcome to the podcast. I'm Josh Clark.

(00:31):
There's Charles W. Tuck Bride getting his demons out. Man.
How about this music? Yeah, this is the thanks to
our guest producer, Noel. Yeah, who is Jerry's actually producing,
but he's got the musical touch. He's if you want to,
he's our dub producer. Yeah, if you want to reggae.
If I your podcast, Noel is the man. Yes, the

(00:52):
big thanks to Noel. Yeah, and great idea by you.
I and I Yeah, and I love that. How you doing, man,
I'm great. You've got some good feelings going on. Yeah.
I mean we've covered grow houses and um, we had
a medical marijuana right. I don't think so, no, no,

(01:12):
because a lot of it didn't seem familiar when I
was looking into it in this article. So we've definitely
done grow houses, which is kind of backwards. Yeah, well
not really. You gotta grow up, that's the first true.
So chuck, here we are. We're talking about pot, and
as is our thing, we're gonna talk about pot in
a very like above the boards mature way. Are we?

(01:36):
I think we can we've talked about some other stuff
before poop. We've talked about poop plenty of times. Yeah, well, booze.
Every time we cover drugs, we like to cover the
scientific aspects to social ramifications, how it's impacted culture. Why
would this one be any different? Well, and this is
probably the biggest, you know, it's the most ubiquitous. I
would say, yeah, you know, yeah, maybe the gateway to

(01:59):
all the other episode. It's very funny. So uh, I
guess if you we should start at the beginning. How
about that? Okay, let's talk about pot and its history.
It's very long, long, long history, UM. And actually for
most of that history it has been widely beloved and appreciated.

(02:22):
The apparently pot has been cultivated or marijuana. We're going
to use all that, um and interchangeably weed pot marijuana,
but cannabis. That's probably where it will stop. Like if
either one of us says ganja or sticky it, we
should just shut it down it right? Then? All right,
all right, we'll do the Hey take that back. One

(02:46):
of us will say that. Okay, uh yeah, But like
you said, I mean, this is gonna be an overview
because we could do honestly for shows on the history
of pot. There's quite a rabbit hole we could go
down here. We got to avoid it, but we're just
we'll give you a historical overview about that. So um,
like I said, pot has been cultivated for years, and

(03:08):
like I also said that it's mostly been appreciated most
of that time for two reasons. One, it is um
in industrial or it was, until the rise of the synthetics,
a major industrial fiber hemp. And then secondly it was
a um or it still is a medicinal herb that

(03:31):
kind of spills over into recreational use as well. So
in the twenty century in China, uh, it looks like
it was probably used medicinally and not recreationally. But they're
definitely records written records of the cultivation of cannabis. Well. Yeah,
a guy named shen Nung, who was an emperor but
was also China's first physician, wrote about how ma that's

(03:54):
what they called pot back then in China was good
for the yin and the yang, both of them, right,
which is actually is we'll see, um, that's a pretty
astute observation early on, because what he's talking about is
balance or homeostasis, which part definitely affects. Yeah, they have

(04:14):
found a mummy, a three thousand year old Egyptian mummy,
and looked into this and it it contained quite a
few drugs, but it definitely contained th HC. So the
Egyptians were getting down. Yeah, maybe medicine, who knows. In
a thousand and one Arabian Nights, it makes an appearance
called Bang Sad Bad apparently loves this stuff. But supposedly

(04:38):
his was hatch mixed with opium, which is way more
hardcore than what we're talking about. Uh yeah, yeah, probably so. Um,
they think it originated perhaps in India and um north
of the Himalayas is their best guess. Yeah, they really
have no idea. And actually there's like a lot of
debate still over whether there's more than one in um

(05:02):
type of plant. What do you mean, So there's Cannabis indica,
Cannabis sativa. Yeah, they're different. There's another one called Cannabis
ut ruder alice um, and there's there's an ongoing debate
among botanists over whether they're all actually just different like

(05:23):
um varieties of the same plant, or if they really
are different species of plants in the same family. Oh interesting, Yeah,
but I think the the current common wisdom is that
there's at least two cannabis sativa and cannabis indica. Uh. Yeah,
we may as well get into that a little bit. Um.
The Indica is uh the planet itself is shorter and

(05:44):
fatter and better suited for indoor growing. And the uh
Sativa is taller. It can get really tall like um
yeah and thinner. Um. Although I think for cultivation, I
don't think uh, even though it's grown outdoors, I don't
think they're growing the twenty five ft plants. No. I
would imagine the helicopters can see him a lot more easily. Yeah.

(06:07):
And the Indica is known for more of a a
body high um quote unquote couch locked, yeah, mellow, and
the sativa is more known for more energetic and cerebral
and creative, more of a brain high. Right. And then conversely,
one can make you more paranoid, one can make you
more druy. Uh yeah. And typically these days, um, if

(06:30):
you are a recreational or medicinal user, you're probably getting
some sort of a U hybrid strain. Good point. And
actually some of the strains, those hybrid strains are have
some of the best names like green crack. It's a
pretty good name. A K forty seven, white widow. White
Widow is actually uh pure strain, isn't it of Indica?

(06:52):
I'm not sure. I think it is? Yeah, Maui Wowie.
The pot names are they're pretty funny. They've definitely gotten
better from the seventies, like Mauie wow. Yeah, that sounds
very Yeah. Um, so should we talk about should we
talk a little bit about um its history in this country,
in the United States? Yeah, so I think we should

(07:14):
get to that because, as I said, Chuck, when you
look back on pot all of these years, and um,
it's how it was used. It was generally like appreciated, used, medicinally, used, recreationally,
not vilified. It wasn't until it hit North America that
it really started to become vilified. Yeah. Well it had
a good run here too, uh in the States for

(07:36):
a couple of hundred years. Um it was hemp was
grown and cultivated and widely used. Some people say it's,
you know, the most versatile plant on earth as far
as the different us as you can get out of it.
And it was in the six nineteen Virginia Assembly Assembly
they even said, do you have to grow hemp if

(07:58):
you're a farmer in Virginia. So not only was it encouraged,
it was actually law in Virginia at least. So I
had had a good run until the early nineteen hundreds
and nineteen twenties. Well, what's what's interesting is back in
this time, you remember that part in Days and Confused,
where um the like the the biggest owner of the

(08:19):
whole group is talking about George Washington like like planning
camp all day and then comes home and smokes a
big bowl of it. It's not clear whether or not
any of them were smoking pot, and it's entirely possible
that they weren't, because the idea of smoking pot was
lost to the ages for a very long time. Um,
and the Greeks actually grew marijuana, but they didn't smoke it.

(08:41):
They just used it for its fibers. And it almost
appears like they had no idea you could smoke it
and it was psychoactive. So it's possible that they our
forefathers didn't smoke pot, you know, and they were they
were just growing it for industrial uses. And meanwhile Native
Americans were like, you guys are crazy. Rope. Rope is
nice but you know it can be both, that's right. Uh.

(09:04):
In UM, the early nineteen hundreds, the Mexican Revolution in
nineteen ten, this is one of the big turning points
because a lot of Mexican immigrants came to the US
and they were like, hey, you know, you can smoke
this stuff. It's pretty nice. And because Mexican immigrants had
a UM, we're sort of looked down upon all of

(09:25):
a sudden, Putt was looked down upon. Really Mexican immigrants
were looked down upon somewhere in the US history. Yeah.
The the whole thing about um pot being vilified or UM.
I guess there was a moral panic basically is what
they call it that erupted around it. Yeah, and a
lot of it was based in racism towards UM, Mexican

(09:45):
Americans or Mexican immigrants. Yeah. In the nineteen thirties, especially
in the depression, UM, they were sort of had a
bad name because you know, they're immigrants in this country
and we're Americans and we're in depression and we want
the work and uh. Kind of a lot of the
same arguments here these days. But UM, the association with
Pott was definitely, uh, part of it it definitely was.

(10:07):
But also I read this, um, this MPR blog code
switch about this very topic, and they were saying, like, yes,
there's a lot of racism that led to the criminalization
of pots, but Mexico was twenty years ahead of the
US and criminalizing pot as well. So you can't just say, well,
it was just Americans disdain or dislike or distrust of Mexicans.

(10:30):
It was you know, it's more complex than that. And
this guy was saying that, really you can conclude there
was a fear of what this drug did. And the
reason why there was a fear of what the drug
did was because the newspaper reports at the time had
people like killing entire families and like wandering around the
streets like with somebody's head, um covered in blood because

(10:52):
they just smoked a joint. And um, they were really
trying to unpack this, like why would that happen? Did
it happen? We're all of them just overblown reports. The
fact was, when you picked up the Los Angeles Times
of the New York Times, there were front page stories
about this and they were like brown skin Mexican kills,
white family of eight on marijuana cigarette. And that's why

(11:15):
and actually the word marijuana was kind of used as
a derogatory term to kind of Mexican afi cannabis, which
is what it had been called prior to that. I
did not know that. I'm off my soapbox. Look at
you teaching me? Well, movies like Reefer Madness definitely didn't help.
In nine six, the famous propaganda movie from French director

(11:38):
Louis Gasnier, it's, you know, required viewing for any college
students at some Yeah, it's it's not very good and
it's not very enjoyable, but it is kind of funny
showing the the reeferradics, you know, driven to insanity by
the marijuana cigarettes. And somebody gets murdered, right, I think
someone murders somebody else because they smoked pot. Uh. And

(12:01):
then a ninety seven um, a year after we for Madness,
Congress packs past the marijuanat Tacks Act, and this is
basically where the tide turn. And it was essentially criminalized
because it called for restricting possession just two individuals who
paid attacks wh was just like a thousand dollars for
medical or industrial use. So in other words, if you're

(12:24):
just you know, Sammy Podead, you can't live that way
anymore in this country. Now. You would basically have to
show set up a shell organization, pay the thousand dollar tacks,
and then you'd be able to import marijuana, but if
you were caught with smoking it, you'd still get busted.
It was a big deal when that happened. And you
can kind of lay all of this at the feet
of one guy, a moral crusader who ran the Federal

(12:46):
Bureau of Narcotics in the thirties, well the thirties until
the sixties. His name was Harry Ann Slinger, and he
was the one who really kind of started this crusade
against Pott and got the government to um turn against it,
got the press to turn against it, and got the
Marijuana Tacks Act passed. But even while this guy's like
sitting there shouting like all marijuana is gonna kill us

(13:08):
all as a horrible drug and it's it's as bad
as it gets, there were studies, independent studies that were
um funded by the government that we're showing, like, you
guys are kind of overstating this a little bit. Yeah.
Mayor Leaguardia of New York issued a report that basically
said that it doesn't induce violence, insanity, or sex crimes. Yeah,

(13:31):
and he was a moral reformer himself, remember you doing
after the Minsky brothers in the burlesque episode. So it's
not like he was just some big pothead, Like he
was a moral reformer himself, and he still founded this report. Yeah,
that's good point that led to. Um. The the sentencing
laws over time have kind of waffled back and forth. Uh.
In the fifties they were pretty strict because of the

(13:54):
Bogs Act and the Narcotics Control Act, And that's when
they started setting mandatory men of mum's for basically any
drug but including marijuana of course. Yeah, like you would
go to prison for a long time if you got
caught with pot. Yeah, two to ten years for a
first uh, first time offender. In the nineteen fifties getting
caught with pot, Yeah, that's it any any amount. Uh.

(14:19):
And in the sixties things relaxed a little bit, um
in every way you can imagine in this country. And uh,
you know, President Kennedy and UH and lb J issued
reports that found kind of the same thing as they
found out in the forties. It doesn't induce violence. Uh.
And in these reports it said it didn't it wasn't
a gateway drug either. Yeah, in the nineteen sixties, which

(14:43):
is still up for debate. Really. Yeah, Now, because you
read every other report you read, it's gonna say something
a little different about what the gateway drug is. And plus,
I think defining what makes a gateway drug too has
never been fully established. Yeah, you can't. Can you test
something scientifically if it's you don't have it defined, you know. Uh.

(15:05):
And the that led to the nineteen sixties led to
a repeal of a lot of the mandatory minimums in
the seventies. Um. But then, of course Ronald Reagan in
the nineteen eighties brought a lot of that stuff back.
And Nixon too, he fought that tooth and nail, Like,
even though the tide in the country was turning one way,
Nixon was like, Nope, we're going to keep pot as

(15:26):
illegal as possible, and as a matter of fact, we're
gonna put it on the same level as heroin and cocaine. Yeah.
And during the Nixon administration, the Schaefer Commission was a
bipartisan commission found again that it should be decriminalized, and
Nixon was just like, well, I don't, I don't want
to hear that. Sorry, I'm gonna make up my own
mind about I'm the president exactly. Yeah. So, like you said,

(15:47):
the Reagan era brought it back, um not brought pot back,
no probt back any kind of um anti government sentiment
toward pot itself was redoubled in the eighties under the
Reagan administration. Just say, no mandatory minimums were or mandatory
sentences were reenacted. Um in six things to the Anti

(16:10):
Drug Abuse Act. If you got caught with a hundred
marijuana plants, you got the same um jale time as
if you were caught with a hundred grams of heroin. Yeah,
that's interesting. Plants versus grahams. It's sort of a apples
orange in comparison. Yeah, plants versus heroin, plants versus zombies.

(16:31):
I know at one point this is sort of off
topic topic, but I don't know if they've changed it,
but at one point they were sentencing LSD users by
the weight, right, and when't that the deal is? Like
they would like if you were an LSD dealer and
you had twenty sheets of acid, they would weigh it.
And they were like, well, wait a minute, you can't

(16:52):
weigh the paper that's like weighing the suitcase. Yeah, and uh,
I think that's still the same though, didn't it. I
don't know, but I do know you're talking about and
apparently like if they would if you had it mixed
in with liquid or something like diluted into liquid form,
they take the weight of all the liquid rather than
the proportion of it. Yeah. I don't know. It could
be we could be like showing our our gullibility for

(17:14):
urban legend or not. But I know that's the case.
I don't know if it still is, but I know
it definitely was. Definitely was, Yeah, because I saw like
an HBO special on these LSD dealers. So we're basically
serving like life sentences for dealing acid right alongside murders
and rapists. Um. Yeah, I'll have to check into that
and people who were caught with pot in the thirties.

(17:35):
That's right. So pot these days, cost wise, um, varies
a lot depending on quality. Obviously it ranges. Um. I
love that in this article it says a dollar seventy
seven to seventeen dollars and sixty six cents per gram
at like one gram of marijuana. Please. Yeah, that's interesting. Um,
but these days you can expect to pay um for

(17:58):
you know, what people consider good mayor I wanna about
a hundred and twenty dollars for uh a quarterback, which
is a quarter of an ounce, right, which is seven grams, right,
because there's twenty eight grams in and out. Yeah, I
think between seven eight grams. But it depends on if
the dealer likes you exactly. Yeah, but that's generally how
it breaks down. As you know, you have it by

(18:19):
the pound, which is you know, the pot dealer, I guess,
and then they break it down into ounces and then
to quarterbacks and dime bags and whatever people can afford.
I guess. Well. It's funny because in the state of
the country right now, like you can take dealer and
dispensary and basically flip them and interchange them, and no

(18:39):
matter what you're talking about, virtually the sentence is going
to remain unchanged basically, you know, because the marijuana dispensaries
are following like basically the same format that marijuana dealers
in this country have for decades, you know what I mean,
like pricing and yeah, the pricing, the um, the way
it's sold by weight. Oh sure, sure, Like I think

(19:01):
you still't buy like like quarters and half ounces and
ounces and stuff, which makes sense. But they're also getting
a lot of this stuff from people who are growing
it indoors in their basement. And it's like now they
have licenses for all this. But it's basically like all
the people who were doing it illegally before, or some
of the people who are doing illegally before point and
applied for licenses and now they're doing the same thing,

(19:21):
but they just have like a a license to do
it in a frame on their wall. Yeah, and dispensaries,
you're going to find a lot of other things, uh,
like edibles and um. They even have now cannabis strips,
like you know, the little listing breath strips. They have
little cannabis strips. It's just a little uh edible strip

(19:44):
of concentrated cannabis and I guess you put it under
your tongue and that's better for your lungs. I would
imagine if you're a oh yeah, a cancer patient or something. Yeah,
And we'll talk about that in a little bit. Let's
let's talk about the plane itself. Chuck. Um. Maybe the
most recognizable plant that leaf, you know, yeah, which is um.
Here's a little fact for you. The botanical description of

(20:09):
the way that marijuana leaves are arranged is groovy called
palmately like the palm of a hand with five fingers outstretched.
That's the pot leaf. That's you. You can find on
lighters and baseball caps, gas stations, um and the like

(20:29):
you said, the planet itself, depending on which variety it
is either very tall or kind of tall, depending on
whether it's trimmed or not. Um and the the buds
or whatever that are smoked are actually the flowers of
the plants, the flowers of the female which apparently are
that's sent semia. So the definition of the word sent

(20:52):
semia are female flowers that have reached maturity without being
um pollinated. I can't hear that word without thinking of
cat check what I don't remember that part. Phil Murray
A little California sens to me. Yeah, so that's what
that means. Yes, that's the term sense of meia means.
So basically, unless you're like fourteen, if you're smoking pot,

(21:13):
you're smoking censemia. So yes, the term senemia means pot. Okay,
the pot that's smoked. Although the male flowers do have
some thhd, it's just far far less of female than female. Yeah.
As a cultivator, males are not what you want. In fact,
males can can disturb the cycle of the female plants.

(21:35):
So the goal of the cultivator is to get the
male out of there as quickly as it can be identified. Basically, Yeah,
and weeds actually good moniker for pot because it's it
spreads very easily. There. Um, pollen is like twenty four microns,
which apparently is very easily wind born and goes very
great distances. There's very few obstacles to pollenization. Um. So

(21:58):
if you have female plants and you have what you
suspect to be a male plant anywhere nearby, you want
to get rid of the male plant and then tell
the officer, Uh, they must have just blown over here
and taken roots. Are these hundred plants in my backyard
came from my neighbor? There? Pollens is twenty four microns?

(22:20):
Come on, yeah, he says, he says, tell your story
to the judge, my friend, Um, there are about uh,
we should also say they're hermaphroditic plants. Hermaphroditic plants that
feature both male and female flowers. Those are probably a mess. Yeah,
I think that maybe that's a good thing. I think
that's like a lot of hybrid ones are hermaphroditic. Okay, yeah, Well,

(22:43):
there are hundreds of chemicals in the marijuana plant um
A hundred nine of which are cannabinoids. About thirty three
are cancer causing, and we'll we'll get to that stuff
later too. But ironically they also are cancer killing some
of them. It is an on plant. But we're gonna

(23:04):
get to all that stuff too, write um, and your
th HC is really the main psychoactive ingredient. What's the
long name for it, Delta nine tetra hydro cannabin all
that is th HC. That is what the high that
you're seeking. It lies within that chemical. Yeah. And actually

(23:24):
you can point to the part of the plant where
it is um. If you've ever seen a marijuana plant
and it has kind of this hazy a period appearance
from far away, and you get up close and you
realize that haze is actually made up of a bunch
of little, clear, sticky protrusions coming off of the leaves.
Those are called tricombs, and that is where the THC

(23:44):
is stored. That's right, And depending on the plant in
the variety and how it's grown and when it's harvested,
in the genetics and how you process it. It's that's
all gonna affect the th HC level. And it's a cultivator.
Your goal is to have the th HC level how
as you can get it. Yeah, that is up for
debate as well. From what I've seen there, Um, apparently

(24:06):
they're just going higher and higher and higher as far
as THHC content goes. And there's a lot of recreational
pot users and um medicinal pot users. So we're saying
too much. Dude like k has a bit about how
when he was in like the in the seventies could
smoke like a whole joint and be like totally mellart cool.
Now I was saying, it takes like one hit and

(24:27):
you go totally insane. Um, And apparently there is like
a point where it's just like that's too much. Well,
Louis can afford better pot these days to know, But
you're right, it all depends on the the end user,
you know what they're into. But generally speaking, uh, the
cultivator wants to deliver the most bang for the buck,
you would think, so, sure, so chuck, let's figuratively smoke

(24:51):
some pot and follow it through the body. Okay, okay, uh,
you know what, we probably shouldn't do this ourselves. No,
we like our jobs exactly, and we might be fired
for even figuratively smoking pop. Well, yeah, and who wants
to Let's let's get how about that scruffy looking guy,
farmer Ted. Yeah, he's look at him. He's game. So

(25:11):
a lot of people don't know this, but we have
a friend named farmer Ted who has the very strange
um characteristic of having entirely translucent skin. He's kind of
like the Invisible Man or something like that. Yeah, and
what better person than to follow the trail of th
HC in the human body then you can actually see yeah,
because the rest of his organs or anything aren't translucent.

(25:32):
It's just a skin. Yeah, and uh, thank you for
coming in, Ted. Um. So, Ted is going to smoke
a joint a marijuana cigarette. Yes, and uh, he's going
to smoke what is a typical marijuana cigarette, approximately five
milligrams of marijuana, which translates to roughly, um, I don't know,

(25:54):
maybe ten milligrams of th HC. So he's going to
take a lighter and take it to the end of
this joint. I'm making air quotes here because it's it's vernacular.
Uh and uh. The th HC is going to be
burned and carried into his lungs, so farmer Ted is
kind of high already. Um. The the th HC in

(26:15):
the smoke is carried to the aviola in the lungs,
and the aviola is where gas exchange occurs. It's where
your oxygen, you priv blood comes to get a refill
of oxygen to be replenished. And since there's THHC smoke
present in that oxygen in the lungs, the TCC is
gonna hit your ride into the bloodstream and travel through
the body. So it just takes seconds. Yeah. One of

(26:38):
the places it's going to go is the brain. Uh.
And when it hits the brain, it starts doing some
pretty funky stuff. That's right. We could ask farmer Ted
how he's feeling right now, and he'll probably say, yeah,
he can't talk. He might say that my eyes are
dilating and the colors are a lot more vivid. Yeah, Um,
I'll be hungry soon. I'll be hungry soon. My other

(27:00):
senses are enhanced as well, but hold on, I'm starting
to feel a paranoid. Yes, let's let's get into this.
Let's let's get into how pot affects the brain, because
it is pretty gosh dar and interesting if you ask me. Yeah,
and and this is how it the physiological effects Um,

(27:20):
the end user might have different reactions depending. It didn't
make everyone paranoid necessarily, No, And I really looked into
it hard to find out why some people are paranoid
and some people don't. Part of it is it? Well,
there's two things. One and I didn't find anything definitive,
which I'm I'm sad about. But one the two things
that came up with it's one, it depends on the pot. Sure,

(27:40):
if there is a difference between indica and sativa, the
prevailing wisdom is that if you smoke indicate you're going
to be less likely to be paranoid. Okay. Uh. The
other reason is it would depend probably on the existing
brain chemistry of the user. My brain chemistry is not
the same as yours, um, and neither one of ours

(28:01):
are just the same as Jerry. So of course when
we introduce the psychoactive chemical into that chemistry, it's going
to affect it differently. So that's what I came up with. Basically,
I wonder if one of the reasons indica is less
likely is because that's the couch bound one, and you're
less likely to be a paranoid sitting on your couch
rather than the more active one like smoking and going
to the Renaissance festival where you'd be freaked out stone sober,

(28:26):
where you'd meet John Strickland and he would mess with
you if you found out your stone anyway, I'm curious. Um, Yeah,
it makes sense. Yeah. I've also found there's recent research
UM that shows the the cannabin als there's a precursor
um chemical to them that's called cannaba dialic acid CBD,

(28:48):
and cbd UM has been found that to actually counteract
the schizoid effects of pot, like the stuff that makes
you paranoid, that symptom if you get if you smoke
pot that has a higher CBD to th HC ratio.
Maybe it's even or something like that. Uh, the CBD
is going to cut down on the schizophrenic symptoms while

(29:10):
leaving like the rest of the stuff intact interesting and
that weird. So I wonder if if indica, just by
nature has a higher CBD content. Yeah maybe, so, yeah,
there are people that know this. Okay, So back in
the sixties, there was a researcher his name escapes me,
who started looking into what the heck made POT make

(29:34):
you loco? Right, and he found th HC. So TC
was isolated in the sixties, and from that they reverse engineered,
um how th HC affected the brain and effectively discovered
an entire system that we didn't know existed thanks to
POT research. It's called the endocannabinoid system, and it's a

(29:54):
very ancient system that's found in everything from C squirts
to every VERTI braid on the planet s C squirts,
very primitive animals all the way up to us. Well
I know that, Uh, I didn't quite get the indocannabinoid parts,
so take it away, okay, So I know it works backwards. Yes,

(30:15):
that's a very important point. So you know, when like um,
when we do anything from our brain says grab coffee
mug right to um to us thinking about how we're
feeling at any given point, all of that is based
on the transmission among neurons. Right, Yeah, we've covered that
a lot. The neurotransmitters kind of cover that gap. Between

(30:37):
the neurons and deliver the message. And then depending on
where the neuroprint transmitter is and what chemical has come across,
then different things happen. Right. Well, the endocannabinoid system is
this kind of dimmer switch, uh, that is around all
neurons that works backward to kind of say, whoa, whoa,

(30:58):
let's not pump those neurochemicals out as frequently or in
as much abundance. And the whole point of the endocannabinoid
system is to maintain homeostasis or good for your good
for your yangs. Right, and that weird, Okay, So when
you smoke pot, your endocannabinoid system, which has receptors all
throughout the body. There's CB two receptors which are mainly

(31:22):
associated with your immune system, and then CB one receptors
are throughout the brain. And when you smoke pot, the cannabinoids,
the phytocannabinoids which is th HC in this case, go
into these reasons of your brain and stick to your brain,
to your endocannabinoid receptors. Yeah, they basically just kind of
hijacked the system. So these the systems that the endocannabinoid

(31:45):
receptors are meant to regulate are no longer being regulated
by our bodies endocannabinoids. They're being hijacked by th HC,
which is not subject to our body's whims and and
all that. We just basically have to ride that snake
out until it's over. So you end up with all
these different weirdo symptoms that you normally wouldn't have, which
is basically the result of your endocannabinoid system going hey

(32:07):
wired because it's been hijacked by th HC. Right, so
like your hippocampus, Yes, we've talked about that. That's good
for learning, Yeah, it is. And when the endocannabinoid receptors
are full of th HC, uh, you're not learning or
making memories as well as normal. We're talking short term memory.
It definitely impairs that. And um, that's why if you've

(32:28):
ever hung out with a bunch of pot heads, you'll
hear the phrase what were we just talking about? A lot?
Because it's gonna affect the hippocampus in that way you're
not forming memories. It's also gonna affect your coordination, which
is the cerebellum, so you may be a little clumsier.
And then you have the basil ganglia and that directs
your unconscious muscle movements. Yeah. Uh, so the reason farmer

(32:51):
Ted is paranoid. He doesn't like that plant looking at
him the way it is, right. Uh, he's paranoid because
his bazom medial um amygdala has been affected. It's endocannabinoid
receptors have been hijacked by th HC, and it's this
region of the brain where we learn to fear dangerous situations.

(33:12):
Farmer Ted is learning to fear things he normally wouldn't
fear because the endocannabinoids that the body normally makes they're
not um operating the way that they're supposed to be.
So he's now afraid of that plant. Now. Isn't that
this aren't the endocannabinoids the same system that they have
finally been pointed the munchies activates the munchies. Yeah, and

(33:34):
your hypothalamus um you're grilling production, Remember grilling, It's that
chemical that makes you feel hungry, so you go eat.
You're grilling production and absorption, uh is mediated by endocannabinoids
and the hypothalamus, which gets hijacked by THHC, which suddenly
all food looks irresistible. Yeah, and which is why it

(33:57):
is prescribed for people going through chemotherapy and of things
because they lose their appetite and lose a lot of weight.
And uh, aside from helping the stem nausea, it also
will stimulate the appetite. So that's the endocannabinoid system and
that is how pot affects it. I feel like that. Yeah,
we left out the biggest part. It also causes a

(34:18):
release of dopamine, which is what makes you feel. Any
euphoric feeling comes from that release of dopamine. But it's
also possible that any paranoia or those schitzoid symptoms that
come along with it are from too much dopamine. Right,
So that too high a release of dopamine can lead
to feelings of paranoia and anxiety. Yeah, and these feelings. Um,

(34:39):
the effect of th HC period is gonna last a
couple of hours, depending on obviously how good the pot
is and how much you smoked. Um, but the chemicals
are going to be in your body a lot longer
than that, with the terminal half life of twenty hours
to ten days after you've smoked it. So um, if

(35:00):
you get you know, if you're one of the how
many percentage of companies drug test fifty seven, yeah, fifty something,
fifty three maybe, yeah, depending on your weight and how
much you smoked and how long you smoked. Right, Uh,
you're gonna either pass that drug test here or not.
It can stain your body for you know, weeks though. Yeah,
it's yeah, and there's no way to tell because it

(35:21):
depends on you your metabolism and the pot potency of
the pot too. Um. But yeah, your body breaks it
down into five metabolites and they test for all five
to just using a basic immuno essay where they introduce
an antibody to your urine and it reacts or doesn't
react and turns it a pretty color, a pretty bad color. Right, chuck,

(35:44):
We got a little more on the body. Okay, Well
we'll get to it after this break. How about that?
It sounds good? Okay, form it said? Um, stand back up,
let's abuse you some more. Although it seems like he's
enjoying it, he's a little he's a little cooler now.
He was petting that plant, I mean, and I think
so if you can see his liver right here right there. Um,

(36:08):
so farmer tend is gonna eat some pot this time.
So what's gonna happen. He's ingested pot orally one way
or another, whether cooked in a brownie or just eating
the pot, and the body is going to take this
and break it down, metabolize it and send it to
the liver. And when this happens, it's going to the

(36:29):
THHC is going to hit the bloodstream in this stomach anyway,
so he's gonna get some sort of buzz or whatever.
But in the liver he's going to metabolize it into
another psychoactive chemical that isn't really present when you smoke it,
so it doesn't it's the effects aren't quite as pronounced,
but they last longer. And there's an additional weirdo thing

(36:51):
to it. Well it's gonna take longer, but last longer,
and um, the effects of it exactly. Yeah, but there's
also the extra psycho active chemical it's produced in the
liver that's not really produced when you smoke it. Yeah,
and that weird. It is weird, and it's also the
reason why um, new young travelers to Amsterdam, you know,

(37:13):
I want to try their first pot brownie. They don't
think it's working, then they try another one. And this
is the ones you see like sitting alongside the canal
like rocking themselves. Yes, because it takes a little while.
It does when you when you ingested via smoke, it's
almost instantaneous. When you ingest it by eating it, it's
going to take a lot longer, that's right. So, UM,

(37:35):
I guess we should talk a little bit about whether
or not it's addictive, because that's another raging debate for
years and years. How addictive is pot? Uh? There are
all kinds of studies that contradict one another, and um,
I think it's one of these things that probably comes
down to the person somewhat if you have that addictive personality.

(37:56):
But they do see effects of pot cessation your ability anxiety, depression,
maybe sleeplessness and insomnia, restlessness, and that's if you quit
the pot after having been a user. And it's you know,
psychologically addictive. Like any drug, you're gonna crave it if
you want it. Sure apparently, um it can have an

(38:19):
impact on your levels of anxiety, like you might not
feel anxious when your stone, but you could feel anxious
when you're not stoned, so you get stone more often,
which while not necessarily a classic addiction because the addiction
model follows the strictly the limbic system, and I think
activates it somewhat, but it's not really acting specifically on
that is acting more on the endocannabinoid system, right, So

(38:43):
indirectly it might be hitting the limbic system, but it's
not following that classic addiction route. But at the very least,
that's habitual. If you need to smoke something to get
back to normal, that's a habit and a bad one
because you have a crutch there. Yeah, unless you're Willie
Nelson and then you're just like, what's the problem, You
just keep smoking it? Um really know that? What are

(39:07):
some Uh well, I guess we can talk about some
of the medicinal uses. Um. We did talk about cancer
and AIDS patients to stimulate appetite. Um. The old glaucoma
card is a big one to play. Yeah, if you're
applying for your medical marijuana card, it relieves ie pressure.
I couldn't find how it does that, Yeah, but it's

(39:28):
been that's one of the earliest uses of Hell. You
remember remember when all this first started to hit California
past uh um legal medicinal marijuana. It was almost all
glaucoma at the time, in which it seemed like everybody
was like, you are so facant glaucoma, you need pop
or glaucoma. And then it just became more and more

(39:49):
established as fact became associated with helping more and more maladies.
And of course if you go to get your card,
then you go to the dispensary. They have a long
list of things that it can help, right, basically, anything
you can think of they will they will put on
their list. As long as you have a prescription card.
I think they're cool with that. Well, no, that's to

(40:11):
get the card like the you know the yeah that's
a new doctor where stocks. Yeah, you can probably get
a medicinal marijuana card from him, but don't see him
for anything else. Um, it can help with epileptic seizures.
In fact, here in Georgia that's been on the table

(40:31):
due to a famous story of a boy here in
Georgia who whose seizures were like massively cut down by
taking a marijuana oil which has no THHC like the
kids not getting high. Basically it doesn't have psychoactive properties.
And Georgia is, believe it or not, trying to speed
through I know it didn't go through initially a few

(40:55):
weeks ago, just because I think they didn't have time
to get it through. But there seems to be support
for it. But just for yeah, just for the marijuana
oil though not uh like dispensaries or anything like that. Yeah. Well,
I mean it could be the beginning of it, or
it could be a sea change in how in Georgia states,
you know, legalized marijuana. I'd be surprised. Well, but I'm

(41:16):
wondering if it's a change like, Okay, this medicinal marijuana
oil works, We'll just all we can legalize that and
that's it and it'll be like the model for other states. Oh,
I see what you mean. Uh. And then MS multiple
sclerosis UM decreases muscle spasms and I've seen this firsthand
with a good friend really helps him out. And Montell
Williams is uh famously come out as an MS sufferer

(41:40):
who is a longtime advocate for using marijuana. Well it
makes sense again. I mean, if you're having muscle spasms,
perhaps your endocannabinoid system is not functioning correctly and the
THHC goes in and actually supplements it. Yeah, you know,
and also I remember I said that it fights cancer.
Ye oh yeah, if you're go onto cancer dot COVN
type cannabis and cinal cannabis. I think it brings up

(42:02):
basically a laundry list of all of the ways that
marijuana helps. And it's been found to fight to destroy
cancer cells like THHC goes in and destroys cancer cells
in the liver. Apparently it's been shown to destroy cancer
breast cancer cells like not helps you feel better when
you have cancer, can actually cure cancer in some cases. Um,

(42:25):
it was a carcinoma in the liver that it was
shown to be able to cure. It's definitely worth checking
out too. And it also alleviates pain and um uh
inflammation associated with um injury or disease. The way it
does that is what the other cannabinoid receptors, the CB
two receptors in the body are related to the um

(42:49):
immune system. So it goes in and messes with those
and says, hey, everybody calmed down with stuff being so inflamed.
Well that's uh, yeah, I guess that's why it's prescribed
a lot for arthritic conditions these days. That makes sense, Yeah,
rhuma toid arthritis, and that's called Yeah, I don't know
what that with the differences between rhuma toyed and regular arthritis.

(43:09):
You should do one uthritis? How about that? Um, it
is still despite all the medical research, it is still
scheduled as a m or classified as a Schedule one substance,
which is uh the most dangerous drugs that currently have
no accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse.
And there have been many pushes over the years to

(43:30):
get it reclassified uh and not in the same group
as heroin and cocaine and ecstasy. But um, that has
not been successful as of yet, but I think that
will probably happen at some point soon. It seems like
it's going that way. But supposedly around the time Normal
was found in the National Organization for the re Legalization

(43:51):
of Marijuana legislation. Is that right? I'm pretty sure. It's
quite a mouthful. Festivals used to have in Peamont Park
in the nineties, the Normal rally, Hashbash. Yeah, I saw
the black girls there once. It was great, right, um so,
But yeah, Norman was found in the seventies at a
time when it looked like I mean Carter was president,

(44:12):
Willie Nelson had smoked to join on the White House
roof like it was the time for you know, hoot
to be decriminalized, and everybody thought like it's gonna happen.
It's happening, it's happening, and apparently, nope, it didn't happen.
They pulled back from the brink. So it's entirely possible
that what looks right now to be the wind of
change that is very much sweeping through the country. It

(44:34):
could could be stopped. Baffled, I guess, so it's the
the fat Lady has not sung yet. Well, I think
the first step toward a federal and the difference here is,
you know, federal laws versus state laws. It's still federally
not accepted, but in states like of course Colorado and Washington,
and then how many states have medical like eleven? Okay, Um,

(45:00):
if anything's gonna happen federally, it's got to be reclassified
away from Schedule one first. Uh So until that happens,
you're probably not gonna see any um federal laws enacted
or repealed. And we should say the mood of the
country right now is about split a little bit in
favor toward UM pot pro pot. So like in Washington

(45:21):
and Colorado, both votes were like fifty four, fifty five,
forty three something like that. And then a CBS poll
from two thousand fourteen, I think in January found about
the same of Americans favor legalizing pot um opposed to
like I think forty four or forty three. Yeah, so

(45:43):
it's it's clearly moved out of you know, just the
hippie stoners at the normal rally and two people supporting
that kind of legislation that don't even use marijuana because
there is a groundswell of support that hey, uh, it's
not a schedule wonder, it's not a schedule one drug.
Alcohol is more destructive to uh, to your life, in

(46:07):
your body, and why are you gonna outlaw this plant
uh and put people in prison with a war on
pot that isn't working. It's like wasting money, whereas we
could tax it and raise money. So there's uh, there's
been a big title shift in the past decade, really
in the past twenty years, but in the past ten

(46:30):
Like if you had asked me ten years ago if
there would be recreational use all out in any state,
I would have said probably not. But here we are
with Washington and Colorado, here we are like where you
can grow it. You can buy it and have it.
I don't know how much, but I think you're allowed
to have a certain small amount, right, Yeah, Like you
can't drive around with ten pounds in your trunk or anything.

(46:50):
I don't know how much you can um. It's it's
definitely more than just like a small amount, but you
um and you can just literally go to the store
and pot. There's actually an awesome New Yorker article called
buzz Kill from late last year, and it's about this
economist that Washington State hired to basically create the framework

(47:11):
for their legal pot industry, like the economic model. Yeah,
and like on a on a macro economic level and
a microeconomic level. He's like, we're whether you like it
or not, you're going to be competing with dealers still.
And so you want to make your text money, but
you don't want to make so much that you price
yourself out of the market and the black market stays open.
You want to get rid of the black market by

(47:33):
basically competing against them, competing amount of business. And there's
just all these different factors that this guy like was
kind of laying out and it was really interesting. Buzz Kill.
Want to check that out? Yea. Um. Alright, let's take
another break here and then we get back. We'll talk
a bit about the potency of marijuana over the years.

(47:55):
All right, there's a debate that I don't quite understand
about the potency of marijuana, and like the sixties and
seventies versus today. The debate is that that pot is
much more potent than it was in the sixties and seventies.
And first of all, they didn't they didn't test a
wide variety of marijuana strains in the sixties and seventies, right,
it was like stems and seeds Mexican like. Yeah. So

(48:17):
that's the only way you can tell a true test
of potency is to study a wide variety. They didn't.
They never did that. They didn't test the MAUI wowie.
They never did that in the sixties seventies. And you
can't go back in the time machine. So what's the
point in debating it. The pot today is is how
it is. It is. And basically, what the best you
could hope to do is like have Dennis Hopper smokes

(48:37):
some pot and be like huh, and he can be
like dead. Hopper is dead, dude, since when Yeah, I
just saw him on like an insurance commercial years ago.
I didn't know that. Yeah, that's sad, it is said, Sorry,
a state of Dennis Hopper. Get Willie Nelson though, Peter Fonda, Yeah,

(48:58):
he's alive, Okay, So you just have Peter Fond to
tell you. He can tell you. There's plenty of people
who could say. The point is that is largely irrelevant
because we're not dealing with creating pot policy based on
the nineteen sixties. We're dealing with pot policy today. And
we know very clearly that pot is more potent today

(49:19):
than it was even a couple of decades ago. And
we know that in part because it's something called the
University of Mississippi Potency Monitoring Project. Basically, they get their
hands on seized pot that the cops get their hands on,
they send some of it to Mississippi, and Mississippi tests
it for potency. And they said that between two thousand
and eight, the UM average, the average amount of th

(49:43):
HC across all samples, rose from three point four percent
to eight point eight percent from two eight and it's
going up up up, apparently now with the rise of
dispensaries and the UM openly shared knowledge of how to
cultivate pot and do you know what you want to
genetically select for it's up to a quarter like supposedly

(50:08):
and I didn't see that figure disputed th HC content.
That's insane. That's that will drive you and say, I
can't imagine that if the average is eight point eight
or was three point four and is now up to

(50:28):
that's potent and that's I guess for the top of
the line most expensive pot you can buy. Yeah, but
I predict that there's going to be like kind of
retro vintage push back, not necessarily that, but something that's
like way more toned down, or it'll be like marketed
to people who like don't want like that level of

(50:52):
high I guess like seventies weed. Yeah, like all they
have to do to market at green leisure suit or
something like that boom success. Although I don't know if
anybody would want to go back to the seventies because
I think it really was very low potency comparatively speaking. Yeah,
all right, should we cover some of the ways that
it's smoked. Well, I already covered um the joint, right,

(51:16):
that's what slim hand Slim had the joint. Um. I
do know that slim happens to prefer the blunt, and
that is a cigar that is sliced open and tobacco
is taken out and generally mixed back in with some
of the pot and it's um was the right, Yeah,
it's called a blunt. I didn't know that the tobacco

(51:37):
was ever mixed back in. It depends on I mean,
you don't have to. Like a spliff is popular in Europe,
and that's with regular tobacco like drum, yeah, whatever, just
any kind of loosely tobacco mixed in with with the pot. Yeah.
I think the blunt's usually they take most of the
cigar tobacco out. I think you're probably right, and then
you don't even need to buy a cigar. Now they
have blunt wrappers like basically cigar rolling papers. Oh really Yeah,

(52:01):
and flavored ones too. You I've heard of those. Interesting man. Uh,
you can have your just traditional pipe. If you go
into any head shop, you're gonna find a big variety
of all sorts of handmade glass pipes. Or remember the
brass ones with the the little kind of tied eye
plastic thing in the middle for holding because the brass

(52:22):
would get so hot. Apparently remember that. Do you remember
that from the nineties, Like, did you go to Lollapalooza. Yeah,
I went to Lollapaluza. Well, then you saw those things.
I remember the first time I smell pot It was
at a concert and uh, he was like, and it
was such a foreign I think I've talked about this
on the show. I was just like, what in the
world is that? Like, I've never smelled anything like that

(52:43):
in my life. It's like someone burning a spare tire
or something. Uh. And then you've got the bong the
or water pipes and uh that uses water to uh
to I guess cool down the smoke. And I remember
that from the Scott Bayo after school special Stone. Did

(53:04):
you ever see that one? No? I saw Zapped. That
was a regular movie, but he was growing pot in
that one. He was I think we're going to at school? Yeah,
And Stone was one of the classic after school specials
where he was a pothead that like ended up accidentally
killing his brother or something like he went swimming and
knocked him on the head with the oar of a boat,
but he may not have died, though he may have
rescued him. The after school special that I remember most

(53:27):
vividly is the one where Helen Hunt took PCP oh
yeah and jumped out the window like the great story
of her school. I mean, they scared the pants off
of us, which is the point. Nancy Reagan was like
off on the set, like, but I remember hearing the
bong he smoked out of the bong Scott Bao did,
and I heard that the bubbling sound, and I was like, well,
that's a weird sound. And then you heard it on

(53:48):
the Cypress Hill album years later and was like, hey,
Scott THEO. And then of course we talked about the
edibles um and vaporizing, which is like all the rage
these days. Yeah, and I imagine it just hit me
the other day. I'll bet everyone who smokes pot uses
East cigarettes as like little vaporizer one hitters, don't they? Uh,

(54:09):
some do, I would imagine. So Yeah. In fact, you
can buy like pre made cartridges of like hash oil
and things to stick in your little cigarette. I know
they saw those in Colorado stick that in your East cigarettes.
But we should point out, we say kids these days
and teenagers um, although marijuana use and teenagers has escalated

(54:31):
over the years, you can't pin it down to one demographic. Um,
I think you would be surprised if everybody who smoked
pot on a semi regular basis was outed about. Who
you would see. Um. I've heard stories from friends whose
fathers were like CEO executives and they had cannabis clubs

(54:53):
where all the other CEOs that they were friends with
like grew their own specialty pot and traded it among
each other. So a wide range of people UH use it,
although the vast majority is supposedly I don't know vast
majorities right, Although according to polls or surveys, the vast
majority are teenagers, followed by post teens. Yeah, but in

(55:16):
between nine and marijuana used among teenagers doubled. And you
know what, I lay that almost exclusively, at least at
first at the feet of Dr Dre and Snoop Dogg.
You think, so I put it out there. Yes, with
the Chronic, absolutely, Yeah, that was a great album. Yeah,

(55:40):
I listen. I can when I hear that album, I
think of Street Fighter two. Did you play a lot
of that? Then? We we would sit around in college
listen to the Chronic and play street Fighter two. It's
a good album. It was a great game. I never
really played Street Fighter. Yeah, they were really good. Uh
So I found a study here. Um. I have to
interjects one another thing. Um, have you seen the YouTube

(56:03):
of Mike Tyson clips set to the street Fighter sound effects?
It's pretty awesome from his one man show or No
No from his boxing career. It fits like perfectly. He's like,
shy are you getting at one point? I'll have to
see that. Uh So, if you're smoking pot, it's obviously
not going to be great for your lungs in your

(56:23):
body because you're inhaling smoke. And like we said earlier,
there's their thirty three cancer causing chemicals in marijuana, and
it's gonna deposit tar into your lungs just like cigarettes. Uh.
And in fact, if you smoke equal amounts of marijuana
and regular tobacco, it's gonna deposit about four times as
much tar as regular tobacco. What's called the tar burden,

(56:45):
is it? Uh? However, there was a large scale long
term study UM released recently UM by the University of
Alabama at Birmingham, and they collected data from five thousand
adults for more than many years. Which these are always
my favorite studies, you know, because you can tell stuff
long term. Uh. And they found that low to moderate

(57:06):
use of pot is less harmful to your lungs than
exposure to tobacco, and I think it's uh. They measured
airflow rate, which is the speed which you can blow
out air, and then lung volume, which is the amount
of air you can hold um in your lungs, and
they found that with tobacco there's a one to one relationship.
The more you lose, the more loss you have lung wise,

(57:29):
and with marijuana, up to a certain rate, it actually
increased the airflow rate. And um. Their rationale was that
a cigarette smoker, like a moderate to heavy smoke or
smoking like you know, twenty cigarettes today, whereas no one's
going out there and smoking you know, well that's not
true today, Yeah, but it would be probably less than

(57:51):
that because it's more concentrated. But you don't see people
smoking five joints to day either unless they have they're
they're Willie Nelson, Snoop Dogg. I'm sorry, SnO Blind? Is
he still on Snoop Blind? I think so. Um, I
could see how pot would have an effect on your
lungs as well, especially compared to cigarettes, because like no
one uses a filter on their joints. Well, yeah, and

(58:13):
they you inhale deeper with marijuana than you do with
a tobacco So those are both factors. But if you're
smoking a pack of day and you're smoking a lot
of weed, you're not doing yourself any favors in the
lung department. Yes, even though it might help you fight
that cancer, it may give you cancer to begin with. Yeah,
just use some non psychoactive U marijuana oil like they

(58:36):
give that little kid. Yeah, or marinol, although that's psychoactive,
uh is it? It's a THHD pill like wasting disease
and um increase appetite and that kind of stuff. Just
a mess with the endoconnebinoid system of people who need it.
That's right. You got anything else? No? I mean this

(58:56):
could have been a two parter, but well this is a
a good, good overview, it is. I hope everybody enjoyed it. Yeah,
you learned a little something. Anything else, Nope? Uh. If
you want to learn more about marijuana a k A. Cannabis,
type either of those words into the search bart how
stuff works dot com and uh, let's see, since we
said a search bar, it means it's time for listener mail.

(59:20):
I'm gonna call this Australian smoke jumper. Hey, guys, just
thought i'd write to let you know how you've influenced
a major change in my life a couple of years ago. Now,
h you did a podcast on wildfires. Already had a
strong interest in firefighting, but never heard of the things
like smoke jumpers or some of the science involved. Uh.
Since I joined the Rural Fire Service UM last year

(59:42):
as a volunteer and last week I completed my first
full bush fire fighter accreditation. It's been a great change
and it's inspired me to get fitter and more active
with my community. I'm now working towards getting fit and
fast enough to be a smoke jumper, which we call
our a f T units in Australia Remote Area Fire

(01:00:03):
Task Force. So thanks guys for giving me the inspiration
and drive to get out there and challenge myself. I
could imagine do anything else in my spare time now
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(01:00:23):
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