February 10, 2011 • 31 mins
The Black Death was gruesome: Symptoms included tumors, purple splotches, fevers and vomiting. But how did this disease manage to spread from the Gobi desert and kill approximately one-third of the population of 14th-century Europe? Tune in and find out.
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Speaker 1 (00:00):
Brought to you by the reinvented two thousand twelve camera.
It's ready. Are you welcome to Stuff you Should Know
from house stuff Works dot Com? Hey, and welcome to
the podcast. I'm Josh Clark with me as always this
Charles W. Chuck Bryant, and that makes this stuff you
(00:22):
should know the podcast, the audio podcast. Nothing more? Got it?
Not a lot less then comparably sized podcasts. No, no,
this is chock full of good stuff. This one's good
of man, do you think so? Oh? Yeah, I liked it.
You like this one? Yeah? I like some of the
historical stuff we did. Man, I love it. You know,
as a history major at one point, I love history, yeah, Chuck. Yes,
(00:47):
So we're talking about the Black Death, yeah right, not
Black Sabbath like death. Well, I'm gonna need some more
time now, okay, so we'll wait, hold on, okay, alright,
I'm back. Yes, you understand now what we're talking about? Great, chuck. Um.
I was researching this to find out, like, okay, what's
(01:07):
newsy about the Black Death? Like? How am I going
to find an intro? I actually found one? Really, Yeah,
it's it's from two thousand six, February two thousand and six. Sorry,
but there was a study that came out of you
tricked university. Have you ever heard of the Little Ice Age?
There was a period in um world history, global history.
(01:30):
I think it may have been kind of localized to Europe.
So let's say European history in about the fifteen hundreds,
where there was this inexplicable period of cold. Interesting, right,
it's called the Little Ice Age, harmful cold. It got cold,
(01:51):
like our our conception of like why you know, vikings
were pelts and everything, they're always walking around it's very cold,
not just because they live in skin navya, but because
it was cold. Then okay, so this Little Ice Age,
like I said, inexplicable. No one had any idea why
it happened. And these you tricked researchers got that got
(02:13):
ahold of some tree samples, some leaf samples from eras
before the Little Ice Age and after, and they started
counting stomas. These are the pores on the leaves. The
more stomage you have, the more carbon dioxide there is
in the air. Leaves developed these stomas, they can absorb
(02:33):
more C O two. Right, So if so facto, the
more stonage you have, the more c O two in
the atmosphere, and what they found by counting these stomas
was that there was a lot of c O two
prior to the forties in Europe. That means that there's
not that much c O two. You know that there
was a lot of c O two in the air
(02:54):
in the atmosphere. One reason there's a lot of CEO
two is because there's not a lot of trees to
soaked that CEO two up. One reason there's not a
lot of trees is because humans are cutting down the
trees to farm land, right or just stay warm. There's
there's fewer trees deforestation brought on by human activity. Okay,
(03:17):
So what they find then is that after fifty roughly,
there's suddenly fewer stomas, which means that there's less c
O two in the air, which means that there's more trees.
Do you know ei there are more trees? Do you
I have a good guess it's because in between that time,
the forties and the thirteen fifties, the Black Death happened
(03:40):
and so many people died that it had a measurable
effect on the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere because of
not that many trees and then suddenly lots of trees
because there was no one to tend this farm land
in the interesting you know what else, This was a
tidbit from the end. But money, as we'll say it here.
(04:01):
They think that there is a lack of genetic diversity
in the UK today because of the Black Death, they
were much more genetically diverse than the eleventh century. It
represented what's called the population bottleneck. Million people died, about
a third of the population of Europe, which is mind boggling. Yeah,
it's all right, let's do it. Well, I was reading
(04:22):
this one his story in his name is Skip Knox,
and I don't know where he is now, but when
he wrote that it was at the university no Boise State,
and he said, um, he goes it's uh, it's worth
saying this has never happened before or since. It was
an event like this where within about to three years
(04:45):
million people died. That's never happened before. I mean, no
war can account for that, Yeah, no other pandemic. Yeah,
it's this is this was it. This was as bad
as it gets, and it was bad that it was bad,
and it was bad not is because of the ultimate devastation,
but it was bad because of how gnarly the black
death is. Yeah, why don't you want to talk about
(05:07):
some symptoms? All right? If you had the Black death,
this is what you had to look forward to. First
of all, you had no idea what was happening to you.
Neither did your doctor, neither did your local cardinal or bishop.
And you know, they didn't know a lot back then,
but they had their like cock eye theories. At least
they didn't even have cock eye theories on this. They
(05:28):
had a cock eyed theory that everybody went along with.
They developed some but initially they're like, I don't know
what this is, but you have these big tumor lumps.
You got them on your body, you got black spots.
Well tell them about the tumors somewhere small, but they
could get pretty big. Yeah, some as big as an apple.
And they said in the article here that if you
(05:48):
had one on your neck, it could permanently like cock
your head to one side, permanently, meaning like the five
days you had. I know, I hope it's okay to
laugh a little bit this now. And you surely know, um,
you had plus using out of sores, open sores. You
had a nasty smell because you were riding from the
(06:12):
inside out. Your breath was awful, it was gruesome. Purple splotches.
God's tokens, right, Yeah, they call them God's tokens because
once you got these, that means God's gonna take you
off the earth pretty soon. That's God's token. Fevers that
could fry your brain, send you into delirium, vomiting, coughing
up blood, blood, and plus using I've already said it's
(06:37):
worth twice. So um, those are some of the symptoms.
And once you start having these symptoms, you are pretty
much done for within a matter of days. Right, and
so in our modern day, it takes a little while
to bury somebody, even with this machinery that we used
to to dig modern graves um, but back and it
(07:00):
took even longer to dig a grave, to hold the
service to bury somebody. And when people die within days
and suddenly there was like a third of the population
dying off. There was no time to bury anybody, no space.
There's literally stacking up dogs, eating corpses. It saysn't here
children hungry ChIL babies beside their dead mothers. Yeah, Molly
(07:23):
Edmans really when they wrote this man Um. Yes, but
that's the truth. I mean, that was crazy. That was
the raw truth. That was an ugly, ugly, ugly scene.
And of course anyone who see Monty Python knows that
there are people who operated carts that banged on the pot.
Since I bring out your dead, yeah, and well we'll
get into the flinging. Of course it is too. Well,
(07:45):
let's get into the flinging because that's kind of how
it started. Um. And first I want to point out
the Black Death, you know, gripped Europe. It did not
only impact Europe. It's so funny, it's so eurocentric the
way we approached the Black Death. It started in the
Gobi Desert sometime in the late thirteen twenties in China.
(08:06):
China lost thirty five million people in the fourteenth century
from the Black Death. You know, no one ever mentioned
They always hear about the Europe the Black Death in Europe,
so it was localized and it was actually in in
Asia and Central Asia, um for a decade or two. Um.
But they blame it pretty squarely on the Genoese for
(08:27):
bringing it to Europe. Right, yes, how did the Genoese
get it? Well? In thirteen seven in Kafa, which is
modern day Ukraine. It was a Genoese trading post. They
were attacked by the Tartar army. Uh. Tartars start to
die off by the plague, and the Genoese are like,
sweet God as punishing our enemies and they're dying, Let's
(08:49):
have a big party and celebrate. And then the Tartars
are like, well, we're gonna start flinging our dead corpses
over the wall at you because the smell is so awful.
You will die from the smell. They weren't two far.
It was a stupid idea, but stupid idea of what
at work, because they actually what they were doing. What
they were doing was germ warfare, very early germ warfare. Right.
They had it wrong though they thought it was a smell.
(09:11):
Actually it was this pestilence, and so the Genoese you know, said, oh,
we need to get rid of these nasty bodies. But
it was too late. They were infected by that point.
The Genoese fled to Sicily, and then from there it
took two pass one. Uh where was the first one?
The well? The first one went up through um Austria
(09:31):
and Germany, and then the second path went through Um
Italy to France to the UK. Yes, at a speed
which doesn't sound fast, but it really is. If you're
talking about black death, about two and a half miles
a day. And not only is it fast like even
by today's standards, this is before This is when people
were riding horses and carts and the two a half
(09:52):
says real, it's lightning fastest trained fast for that time. Yeah, yeah,
Why is it called the black death? Actually, do you
know this? I do, So there's a there's a mistranslation.
At some point, well back in the day, people called
that the big death or the great mortality, the big death,
that's bad. That's what they called it as it as
(10:13):
it was happening, right and then um later on it
came to be known as the um ultra morse, which
is Latin for terrible death or black death. At some
point in time, somebody decided that they liked the black
death better. Uh, and sometime in the eighteenth century when
they were using it to differentiate them Plague of London
(10:38):
in sixteen sixty five, But they mistranslated. It wasn't originally
called the black death or the um terrible death. It
was called the Big Death. And then it just kind
of went from there all right. Well, at the time,
King Philip the sixth of France turned it over to
the Paris College of Physicians, who were they were like
(11:00):
the Mayo Clinic of the time, and they said, here,
we need to figure out what this is. What is it?
Smartest doctors in the world, and they says, we know,
we figured it out. It's all here on the report.
This is uh, this happened when Saturn and Jupiter and
Mars lined up in Aquarius and Jupiter's roll wet and hot,
and it soaked up the evil vapors from the Earth
(11:21):
and Mars is dry, so it exploded those vapors, and
now it is a fog of death. And they very
smugly pinpointed the time that it happened one pm on
March and they just slicked their heads like but they
did say it was a fog of death. My guess
is that it was probably pretty foggy for some reason,
(11:42):
some weather system happened, or they were onto something like
it was being transmitted through the air somehow, which you know,
they might have been actually onto something there with an
airborne pathogen. Possibly. Instead they went with the fog of death.
From the planets aligning. And another term for a fog
of death is a miasma. It's a corrupted bit of air.
(12:05):
And this is what Europe went with, right, Yeah, like, okay,
well these are the smartest guys as far as medicine goes.
They have the longest crow'sbeak masks of anybody. Um, and
we're gonna go with this fog of death thing, So
how do we combat it? And what they figured out was, well,
since you're breathing this fog, you got to keep the
(12:25):
fog at bay. And one good way to do that
is to fight fog with fire smoke. So there were
fires everywhere. Yeah, they were recommended to burn um aromatic wood,
so people would and people even carry this stuff around rosemary,
amber and musk. The Pope even stood between two fires
when he addressed people. Yeah, they kept them burning on
(12:46):
the street corners. Um. And then there were the fact
that it was coming from the south and it was
a fog of death. They started putting glass in their
southern windows so that the southern wing couldn't penetrate it.
See that kind of smart there it is. They weren't
all hokey. Now, some that seemed kind of smart. What
(13:06):
didn't seem very smart was don't bathe don't have physical intimacy,
although it's a good way to spread disease. So maybe
they're onto something there. Um, don't sleep during the daytime,
avoid sad thoughts to spreading it. They're like, just don't
be lazy. Yeah, yeah, avoid sad thoughts about disease. There's
(13:27):
something to that if you believe in the mind. Uh,
if you believe in positive psychology exactly. So some of
the little hokey there was a little substance to a
bit of it. Um, I have a little cocktail tidbit
for you, though, so awesome. I don't know. The word
quarantine actually comes from the Black Death in Venice, Italy.
(13:47):
They were pretty smart and they said, you know what,
we should start isolating some of these ships of people
that are coming in, not let them come on land
until we know that no one on board is is sick.
So let's do this for like thirty days. And then
they went, now that's not long enough. It's let's do
it for four days, forty days or qua quaranti quarantine.
(14:08):
That's where the word came from. Well, it's not as
much of a stretch of somebody. Besides Chuck is pronouncing it.
But yes, that is where quarantine. Look at it. It
looks like they were quarantine. Yeah, so that's pretty smart too.
There were some smart people. Still, six of the population
of Venice died within I think eighteen months. Yeah, so
the quarantine, while practical and useful, you know, didn't protect everybody. Yeah,
(14:33):
and you know, we don't know what the doctors were
doing that much because all we have here is just
recorded documents of what was going on. Well there there
there wasn't even documentation. It was popular writers, church writers.
It wasn't like science journals. I mean, not a lot
of people knew how to read and write during this time,
and the ones who did normally were affiliated with the church,
(14:53):
so they would have had a very religious view of
what was going on. Right. Um, they're probably blood letting
the yeah, the like the physicians that were working the
Crow's mass guys um were uh, blood letting. They were
um opening up these bu bos, which is it's almost
like a textual representation of a pussy boo. They would
(15:17):
open these and drain them because that made sense to
get rid of whatever is in there. I guess very smart. Yeah, Um,
we still do that today, Poppins. It's yeah every Tuesday. Uh.
Religion comes into play pretty heavily there because a lot
of people said, you know, let's let's turn to God
and pray for help. Well, a lot of people thought
(15:38):
that this was punishment from God. Oh yeah, the flagellents,
so only he could do anything about it or she
depending in New York and um, so yes, the flagillents,
chuck take it. The fligillents of Germany. Yeah, the Brotherhood
of the flood Flagellents had our vigilance. Flagelence had already
been around, not flagilens though, no very big difference. They're
(16:00):
already around. But they rose up, like you said, in
Germany the in the mid thirteen forties, and they thought
it was punishment from God. And they thought, you know what,
we're gonna do something about it. So you've heard of
self flagellation, that's where it comes from. They would walk
barefoot across Europe whipping themselves with their little whatever cat
of nine tales. Uh, scourges, scourges like that had like
(16:22):
sharp kind of barbed ends. Uh. It didn't work, though,
and a lot of people turned against God because of that,
they also killed a lot of Jews. The Flagellnce did
a flagelence. Yeah, highly they killed Jews. They would kill
clergy that opposed them, except for the Pope, and the
(16:42):
Pope was like, you're officially denounced, and I think thirteen
forty nine and that was it for the flagelence, although
they popped up again in later um plugues and pestilences,
but they stopped for the black death, like immediately when
they denounced them. Well, they killed Jews because it was
a pretty bad rumor going around that the Jews had
(17:03):
uh were poisoning the water supply, and because at the
time Christians and Jews lived separately, largely a lot of
Jewish Jewish communities were effectively quarantined so they didn't get
hit as hard. So all of a sudden, Jews are
I don't know prosperings the right word, but they're not
dying like the Christians are, so so that Christians started
(17:23):
burning them as they started burning them alive. Apparently in Strasbourg,
the Germany was more Jews died in Germany than anywhere
else um at the hands of Christians who were upset
about the plague um and in Strasburg in uh, let's see, um,
I think thirteen forty eight, on one day, two Jews
(17:46):
were burned alive at the stake, just that one city
on that one day. And apparently entire communities used to
be walled up and set on fire with everybody, or
Jews would convert Christianity on the spot, or they would
set their own houses on fire. Yeah, which is kind
of sensible, like, oh, look, my house is already on fire.
Better I should probably take off, keep on walking, see
(18:07):
you guys later. Well, a lot of Jews fled to
the countryside, didn't they too, because they were able to. Yeah,
good for them, is what I said. Well, I don't
think it was just Jews. I think anybody who had
the means of going to the countryside, which is crazy
because I mean, like going to the countryside means like
stepping out your back door. I thought in like the
fourteenth century, but apparently there were still the wealthy went
(18:30):
out to the country once in a while, and they
would Yeah. So it was needless to say, it was
a really rough few years for Europe um and by
fifty two it was largely gone. Yeah, it just took off.
But what I mean there was. It's not like all right,
black desk on, everything's cool now. They were like huge,
(18:51):
huge effects. Apparently the um self flagellation worked, right, Yeah,
sure that's what it was. Well, yeah, you have to
imagine a third, right, So that means that between you,
me and Jerry, one of us dies. That's not necessarily true.
I'd set myself on fire. Um okay, so then two
(19:14):
of us would have died, right, Um, I mean a third,
a third of of this this population within like seriously,
like two years is just gone. People are um being
eaten by dogs or corpses are being eaten by dogs
in the streets. Families are just completely abandoning one another
(19:35):
once they get sick. The whole um social psyche, the
collective psyche of Europe just kind of crumble a little bit.
It took a pretty big ding. And one of the
places it took that ding was in religion. A lot
of heretical society sprung up because it was like either
this was your work, God, or you didn't do anything
to help us, so we're not coming to church anymore.
(19:59):
Instead of being really thankful that they survived, people uh
partied like it was basically crazy parties. Yeah, a lot
of debauchery, lots of debauchery. Um. Uh. There was an
economic impact to a huge one. Well yeah, if half
your sorry, if a third of the workforce is gone,
(20:21):
you've got no one working, So labor is gonna skyrocket.
The price of labor is the price of labor is
cost of goods food, you know, the little silver lining.
Their food was in supply because there weren't as many
people to eat it. Exactly. Sadly, the other cool thing
does it's potentially we saw the birth of modern science
(20:42):
and medicine because of the Black Death. Because the leaders
we're like, you know, this whole planet's aligning thing was
pretty stupid now that we look back at it, So
why don't we found some schools and do some real
research based on physical science and give that a whirl.
And it started. It worked, which was some kind of
(21:03):
ironic as well, because the population was so decimated that
it even after they had this idea, they had to
wait a little while to reopen schools because they couldn't
staff them. Oh yeah, um. And also, chuck, there were
there was an almost complete loss of any illusions about
death and whether or not it's coming for you. Um,
(21:23):
there's a whole allegory and art that um that sprang
up at the time called Dance macab which is the
dance of death, which is basically like you know, showing
living people and skeletons, you know, working side by side
or um hanging out or partying together or whatever. And
the point of that is that you know, death can
(21:44):
come at any time, and it's coming for everybody. So
art and poetry and things like that just took a
real down return there for a while because that was
clearly what everyone was thinking about at the time. That's right, Chuck,
Uh what caused it? See? This is where I get
a little, um, a little confused, because there's conflicting information
even to this day. Well it's um one of those
(22:05):
things where we thought we figured it out, but uh,
modern techniques and modern investigation have kind of led us
to think, is you like that? I have have led
us to think that maybe that first idea hasn't wasn't right.
The first idea came out of the third pandemic, which
was in eighteen nine in Hong Kong and India. Right, Um,
(22:29):
and two bacteriologists Alexander Jerson and Uh Shibasaburo Kitasato, thanks Um.
They worked independently and isolated the cause of that third pandemic,
and it is what we know today as bubonic plague.
It's a bacterium called your Cina pestis um, named after
(22:51):
Alexander Jerson right um, and it it lives in the
four gut of fleas, rodent fleas that feast on rat. Yeah,
this was interesting, I thought, because the flea bites the
regular fleet um bites rat and drinks blood, and it's like,
oh man, that was fantastic. Uh. If you're infected with
(23:14):
the your sena, you're sending a pestus and your fleet.
You bite the rodent and you eat the blood, but
it gets stuck in your foregut, and so you never
feel that quench of that tasty, tasty blood in your
stomach if your flee. So you keep biting more and
more rodents and infecting more and more roes because you're,
like we talked about with the fleas, regurgitating it back
(23:35):
onto rodents, and all of a sudden you're killing all
these rodents and then when there are no more rodents
and the fleas will go to people. And so they
thought that's how it was spread, which makes sense because
it's not like um conditions were really sanitary in the
Middle Ages, or there were plenty of rights before the
Middle Ages. Um the fourteenth century, right, yeah, um, yeah,
(23:58):
there were plenty of rats, plenty of fleas um. The
problem is that there's a lot of discrepancies between bubonic
plague or your sena, your Cinea pestis and whatever. The
Black Death was right, so you've got like a big discrepancies.
You've got um bubos right with both, but bubo is
(24:19):
under the bubonic plague. Um tend to spring up around
the growing area only, And descriptions of bubos with the
Black Death or that they were all over the place,
all over your body. Um bubos or bubonic plague doesn't
cause um purple splotches. It doesn't cause delirium, doesn't yeah,
(24:40):
Or the vomiting um, blood and and pus and all
that stuff. There's a lot of stuff that was documented
widely by different sources during the Black Death that doesn't
have anything in common with bubonic plague. Well, the big
one to me was the fact that bubonic plague, even
if you don't treat it as mortality rate of about
(25:01):
and from the sounds of the Black Death, it was,
you know, near a hundred taken down entire villages, right,
So they did figure out that the third pandemic in
was caused by your cinea pestis bubonic plague, but they
erroneously possibly attributed it to the Black Death. But for
(25:22):
about a hundred years, that was the premise that everyone
went on was bubonic plague was a Black Death until
and some researchers who have been dubbed um plague deniers. Yeah,
I have started to come up with competing theories, and
there's there's some interesting ones. Yes, sociologists Susan Scott and
biologist Christopher Duncan. I think that it is a hemorrhagic
(25:45):
fever like ebola. Makes sense. Some say anthrax or maybe
some just disease that is not around, some extinct disease, right,
like it went extinct somehow after after the Black Death.
The thing though, is the DNA study and the nineteen
nineties they dug up some corpses from mass graves in
France tested the teeth because I guess dental pulps about
(26:09):
the only thing you contest at that point, and they
did find that the y pestis in the samples. So
they said, oh, yeah, so it was a plague. But
then they apparently looked at other bodies from other grave
sites and that it wasn't conclusive, so they didn't find
it at all. So what does that mean? I don't know.
What do you think? Um? Well, Skip Knox, that historian
(26:33):
are referred to earlier. His um his theory is that
it was bubonic plague working in concert with the mnemonic plague,
so it was respiratory, which is um bubo pneumonic. Yeah,
which basically his ideas that there are two plagues working
at once, or that's the theory he subscribed to, which
(26:54):
I don't know. It's it seems likely to me that
there's probably some bacterium that's either extinct or worse than
that dormant right right, Let's hope it's dormants. Not the
word I want to be hearing right now. Oh, and
there's one other thing that was a problem with the fleas.
There were two other problems that we didn't mention. One
was that there should have been a die off of rats,
(27:15):
because remember they jumped from rats to humans when there's
no more rats and there's no documented die off of
rats in Europe before the plague ever um. And then secondly, um,
what was the winter should kill fleas? That's right, Chuck,
but it didn't. Well, it does kill fleas, but it
didn't have any effect on the spread of the Black Death. Well.
(27:37):
The other problem though, is it's like we said, it's
all the stuff that's written down, so it's not like,
you know, you said the bubos are near the groin area.
But at the time, you know, with the sensationalism of
of the day, people they could have been writing, you know,
the sores all over their body, and you know, they
could have exaggerated some of the symptoms because of fear. Uh. Yeah,
(28:00):
I just don't know how much I trust the records
of hundreds in Europe. Well. Plus also, there was no
standardized medical jargon either for them to use or that
that they could use that we would understand. Yeah, so
we're cobbling together what we think they meant, what this
one person meant. But they think the numbers of deaths
are pretty accurate. This is pretty crazy. One third. Oh,
(28:24):
and we're talking about how it's so eurocentric. In Cairo,
seven thousand deaths a day at its peak, the black death.
Sorry the black death. Wow. Yeah, let's say for black death.
If you want to see some pretty cool pictures, um
and read more about it, I strongly recommend this one.
(28:44):
Type in black death in the search bar at how
stuff works dot com. And it's time now for a
listener mail. Josh. I'm gonna call this our second Mafia mail.
Sometimes we get so much mail from one topic that
we feel like we should read more than one email
on the topic, especially when it's accompanied by physical threats.
(29:06):
That's right. So this is from Kate the Canucks Stewart,
that's what she calls herself, which I thought it was
kind of funny. Hi, Josh and Chuck and Jerry. I'm
a huge fan of the podcast, but I've never written
in before because I never had much to say besides
oh my gosh, I love you guys. It's a great
reason right in by the way. Um, However, after listening
(29:27):
to the Mafia Cast, it just had to write you
an email to have some info from my family's past.
My grandmother on my mother's side, it's a second cousin
to the infamous Lucky Luciano. Most of the men and
her family were made and although she was largely kept
out of the loop when it came to the wheelings
and underdealings of her family. Like Diane Keaton and the
(29:49):
god fine Uh. There is one event that really brought
home the kinds of things her brother and cousins were
up to. When my mom was only a baby, my
grandfather ran out on my grandma. When my great uncle
heard about this, he and his cousins asked my grandma
if she wanted them to take care of him for her.
She really didn't know what that meant, but responded, maybe
(30:09):
even jokingly, well, don't kill him or anything. The next day,
she got a phone call that her husband had been
admitted to a hospital, badly beaten, with both of his
legs broken. Clearly, it wasn't prudent to mess around with
members of my family. There are other rumors swirling around
about different ventures that my great uncle and cousins were
involved in, but they were notoriously tight lipped about everything.
(30:31):
As far as I know, no one in my family
is a part of the mob anymore, and no one
has the broken legs. No one has broken the legs
of any of my ex boyfriends. But I wouldn't date
you just to be on the safe. That huh. That
is Kate the canuck Um. Thanks a lot, Kate appreciate that,
and all you Canucks listening out there, thank you very
(30:52):
much for moral this and thousands of other topics. Is
it how stuffworks dot com? So and more about the
podcast click on the podcast icon in the upper right
corner of our homepage. The House Stuff Works iPhone app
has arrived. Download it today on iTunes. Brought to you
(31:12):
by the reinvented two thousand twelve camera. It's ready, are
you
Brought to you by the reinvented two thousand twelve camera.
It's ready. Are you welcome to Stuff you Should Know
from house stuff Works dot Com? Hey, and welcome to
the podcast. I'm Josh Clark with me as always this
Charles W. Chuck Bryant, and that makes this stuff you
(00:22):
should know the podcast, the audio podcast. Nothing more? Got it?
Not a lot less then comparably sized podcasts. No, no,
this is chock full of good stuff. This one's good
of man, do you think so? Oh? Yeah, I liked it.
You like this one? Yeah? I like some of the
historical stuff we did. Man, I love it. You know,
as a history major at one point, I love history, yeah, Chuck. Yes,
(00:47):
So we're talking about the Black Death, yeah right, not
Black Sabbath like death. Well, I'm gonna need some more
time now, okay, so we'll wait, hold on, okay, alright,
I'm back. Yes, you understand now what we're talking about? Great, chuck. Um.
I was researching this to find out, like, okay, what's
(01:07):
newsy about the Black Death? Like? How am I going
to find an intro? I actually found one? Really, Yeah,
it's it's from two thousand six, February two thousand and six. Sorry,
but there was a study that came out of you
tricked university. Have you ever heard of the Little Ice Age?
There was a period in um world history, global history.
(01:30):
I think it may have been kind of localized to Europe.
So let's say European history in about the fifteen hundreds,
where there was this inexplicable period of cold. Interesting, right,
it's called the Little Ice Age, harmful cold. It got cold,
(01:51):
like our our conception of like why you know, vikings
were pelts and everything, they're always walking around it's very cold,
not just because they live in skin navya, but because
it was cold. Then okay, so this Little Ice Age,
like I said, inexplicable. No one had any idea why
it happened. And these you tricked researchers got that got
(02:13):
ahold of some tree samples, some leaf samples from eras
before the Little Ice Age and after, and they started
counting stomas. These are the pores on the leaves. The
more stomage you have, the more carbon dioxide there is
in the air. Leaves developed these stomas, they can absorb
(02:33):
more C O two. Right, So if so facto, the
more stonage you have, the more c O two in
the atmosphere, and what they found by counting these stomas
was that there was a lot of c O two
prior to the forties in Europe. That means that there's
not that much c O two. You know that there
was a lot of c O two in the air
(02:54):
in the atmosphere. One reason there's a lot of CEO
two is because there's not a lot of trees to
soaked that CEO two up. One reason there's not a
lot of trees is because humans are cutting down the
trees to farm land, right or just stay warm. There's
there's fewer trees deforestation brought on by human activity. Okay,
(03:17):
So what they find then is that after fifty roughly,
there's suddenly fewer stomas, which means that there's less c
O two in the air, which means that there's more trees.
Do you know ei there are more trees? Do you
I have a good guess it's because in between that time,
the forties and the thirteen fifties, the Black Death happened
(03:40):
and so many people died that it had a measurable
effect on the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere because of
not that many trees and then suddenly lots of trees
because there was no one to tend this farm land
in the interesting you know what else, This was a
tidbit from the end. But money, as we'll say it here.
(04:01):
They think that there is a lack of genetic diversity
in the UK today because of the Black Death, they
were much more genetically diverse than the eleventh century. It
represented what's called the population bottleneck. Million people died, about
a third of the population of Europe, which is mind boggling. Yeah,
it's all right, let's do it. Well, I was reading
(04:22):
this one his story in his name is Skip Knox,
and I don't know where he is now, but when
he wrote that it was at the university no Boise State,
and he said, um, he goes it's uh, it's worth
saying this has never happened before or since. It was
an event like this where within about to three years
(04:45):
million people died. That's never happened before. I mean, no
war can account for that, Yeah, no other pandemic. Yeah,
it's this is this was it. This was as bad
as it gets, and it was bad that it was bad,
and it was bad not is because of the ultimate devastation,
but it was bad because of how gnarly the black
death is. Yeah, why don't you want to talk about
(05:07):
some symptoms? All right? If you had the Black death,
this is what you had to look forward to. First
of all, you had no idea what was happening to you.
Neither did your doctor, neither did your local cardinal or bishop.
And you know, they didn't know a lot back then,
but they had their like cock eye theories. At least
they didn't even have cock eye theories on this. They
(05:28):
had a cock eyed theory that everybody went along with.
They developed some but initially they're like, I don't know
what this is, but you have these big tumor lumps.
You got them on your body, you got black spots.
Well tell them about the tumors somewhere small, but they
could get pretty big. Yeah, some as big as an apple.
And they said in the article here that if you
(05:48):
had one on your neck, it could permanently like cock
your head to one side, permanently, meaning like the five
days you had. I know, I hope it's okay to
laugh a little bit this now. And you surely know, um,
you had plus using out of sores, open sores. You
had a nasty smell because you were riding from the
(06:12):
inside out. Your breath was awful, it was gruesome. Purple splotches.
God's tokens, right, Yeah, they call them God's tokens because
once you got these, that means God's gonna take you
off the earth pretty soon. That's God's token. Fevers that
could fry your brain, send you into delirium, vomiting, coughing
up blood, blood, and plus using I've already said it's
(06:37):
worth twice. So um, those are some of the symptoms.
And once you start having these symptoms, you are pretty
much done for within a matter of days. Right, and
so in our modern day, it takes a little while
to bury somebody, even with this machinery that we used
to to dig modern graves um, but back and it
(07:00):
took even longer to dig a grave, to hold the
service to bury somebody. And when people die within days
and suddenly there was like a third of the population
dying off. There was no time to bury anybody, no space.
There's literally stacking up dogs, eating corpses. It saysn't here
children hungry ChIL babies beside their dead mothers. Yeah, Molly
(07:23):
Edmans really when they wrote this man Um. Yes, but
that's the truth. I mean, that was crazy. That was
the raw truth. That was an ugly, ugly, ugly scene.
And of course anyone who see Monty Python knows that
there are people who operated carts that banged on the pot.
Since I bring out your dead, yeah, and well we'll
get into the flinging. Of course it is too. Well,
(07:45):
let's get into the flinging because that's kind of how
it started. Um. And first I want to point out
the Black Death, you know, gripped Europe. It did not
only impact Europe. It's so funny, it's so eurocentric the
way we approached the Black Death. It started in the
Gobi Desert sometime in the late thirteen twenties in China.
(08:06):
China lost thirty five million people in the fourteenth century
from the Black Death. You know, no one ever mentioned
They always hear about the Europe the Black Death in Europe,
so it was localized and it was actually in in
Asia and Central Asia, um for a decade or two. Um.
But they blame it pretty squarely on the Genoese for
(08:27):
bringing it to Europe. Right, yes, how did the Genoese
get it? Well? In thirteen seven in Kafa, which is
modern day Ukraine. It was a Genoese trading post. They
were attacked by the Tartar army. Uh. Tartars start to
die off by the plague, and the Genoese are like,
sweet God as punishing our enemies and they're dying, Let's
(08:49):
have a big party and celebrate. And then the Tartars
are like, well, we're gonna start flinging our dead corpses
over the wall at you because the smell is so awful.
You will die from the smell. They weren't two far.
It was a stupid idea, but stupid idea of what
at work, because they actually what they were doing. What
they were doing was germ warfare, very early germ warfare. Right.
They had it wrong though they thought it was a smell.
(09:11):
Actually it was this pestilence, and so the Genoese you know, said, oh,
we need to get rid of these nasty bodies. But
it was too late. They were infected by that point.
The Genoese fled to Sicily, and then from there it
took two pass one. Uh where was the first one?
The well? The first one went up through um Austria
(09:31):
and Germany, and then the second path went through Um
Italy to France to the UK. Yes, at a speed
which doesn't sound fast, but it really is. If you're
talking about black death, about two and a half miles
a day. And not only is it fast like even
by today's standards, this is before This is when people
were riding horses and carts and the two a half
(09:52):
says real, it's lightning fastest trained fast for that time. Yeah, yeah,
Why is it called the black death? Actually, do you
know this? I do, So there's a there's a mistranslation.
At some point, well back in the day, people called
that the big death or the great mortality, the big death,
that's bad. That's what they called it as it as
(10:13):
it was happening, right and then um later on it
came to be known as the um ultra morse, which
is Latin for terrible death or black death. At some
point in time, somebody decided that they liked the black
death better. Uh, and sometime in the eighteenth century when
they were using it to differentiate them Plague of London
(10:38):
in sixteen sixty five, But they mistranslated. It wasn't originally
called the black death or the um terrible death. It
was called the Big Death. And then it just kind
of went from there all right. Well, at the time,
King Philip the sixth of France turned it over to
the Paris College of Physicians, who were they were like
(11:00):
the Mayo Clinic of the time, and they said, here,
we need to figure out what this is. What is it?
Smartest doctors in the world, and they says, we know,
we figured it out. It's all here on the report.
This is uh, this happened when Saturn and Jupiter and
Mars lined up in Aquarius and Jupiter's roll wet and hot,
and it soaked up the evil vapors from the Earth
(11:21):
and Mars is dry, so it exploded those vapors, and
now it is a fog of death. And they very
smugly pinpointed the time that it happened one pm on
March and they just slicked their heads like but they
did say it was a fog of death. My guess
is that it was probably pretty foggy for some reason,
(11:42):
some weather system happened, or they were onto something like
it was being transmitted through the air somehow, which you know,
they might have been actually onto something there with an
airborne pathogen. Possibly. Instead they went with the fog of death.
From the planets aligning. And another term for a fog
of death is a miasma. It's a corrupted bit of air.
(12:05):
And this is what Europe went with, right, Yeah, like, okay,
well these are the smartest guys as far as medicine goes.
They have the longest crow'sbeak masks of anybody. Um, and
we're gonna go with this fog of death thing, So
how do we combat it? And what they figured out was, well,
since you're breathing this fog, you got to keep the
(12:25):
fog at bay. And one good way to do that
is to fight fog with fire smoke. So there were
fires everywhere. Yeah, they were recommended to burn um aromatic wood,
so people would and people even carry this stuff around rosemary,
amber and musk. The Pope even stood between two fires
when he addressed people. Yeah, they kept them burning on
(12:46):
the street corners. Um. And then there were the fact
that it was coming from the south and it was
a fog of death. They started putting glass in their
southern windows so that the southern wing couldn't penetrate it.
See that kind of smart there it is. They weren't
all hokey. Now, some that seemed kind of smart. What
(13:06):
didn't seem very smart was don't bathe don't have physical intimacy,
although it's a good way to spread disease. So maybe
they're onto something there. Um, don't sleep during the daytime,
avoid sad thoughts to spreading it. They're like, just don't
be lazy. Yeah, yeah, avoid sad thoughts about disease. There's
(13:27):
something to that if you believe in the mind. Uh,
if you believe in positive psychology exactly. So some of
the little hokey there was a little substance to a
bit of it. Um, I have a little cocktail tidbit
for you, though, so awesome. I don't know. The word
quarantine actually comes from the Black Death in Venice, Italy.
(13:47):
They were pretty smart and they said, you know what,
we should start isolating some of these ships of people
that are coming in, not let them come on land
until we know that no one on board is is sick.
So let's do this for like thirty days. And then
they went, now that's not long enough. It's let's do
it for four days, forty days or qua quaranti quarantine.
(14:08):
That's where the word came from. Well, it's not as
much of a stretch of somebody. Besides Chuck is pronouncing it.
But yes, that is where quarantine. Look at it. It
looks like they were quarantine. Yeah, so that's pretty smart too.
There were some smart people. Still, six of the population
of Venice died within I think eighteen months. Yeah, so
the quarantine, while practical and useful, you know, didn't protect everybody. Yeah,
(14:33):
and you know, we don't know what the doctors were
doing that much because all we have here is just
recorded documents of what was going on. Well there there
there wasn't even documentation. It was popular writers, church writers.
It wasn't like science journals. I mean, not a lot
of people knew how to read and write during this time,
and the ones who did normally were affiliated with the church,
(14:53):
so they would have had a very religious view of
what was going on. Right. Um, they're probably blood letting
the yeah, the like the physicians that were working the
Crow's mass guys um were uh, blood letting. They were
um opening up these bu bos, which is it's almost
like a textual representation of a pussy boo. They would
(15:17):
open these and drain them because that made sense to
get rid of whatever is in there. I guess very smart. Yeah, Um,
we still do that today, Poppins. It's yeah every Tuesday. Uh.
Religion comes into play pretty heavily there because a lot
of people said, you know, let's let's turn to God
and pray for help. Well, a lot of people thought
(15:38):
that this was punishment from God. Oh yeah, the flagellents,
so only he could do anything about it or she
depending in New York and um, so yes, the flagillents,
chuck take it. The fligillents of Germany. Yeah, the Brotherhood
of the flood Flagellents had our vigilance. Flagelence had already
been around, not flagilens though, no very big difference. They're
(16:00):
already around. But they rose up, like you said, in
Germany the in the mid thirteen forties, and they thought
it was punishment from God. And they thought, you know what,
we're gonna do something about it. So you've heard of
self flagellation, that's where it comes from. They would walk
barefoot across Europe whipping themselves with their little whatever cat
of nine tales. Uh, scourges, scourges like that had like
(16:22):
sharp kind of barbed ends. Uh. It didn't work, though,
and a lot of people turned against God because of that,
they also killed a lot of Jews. The Flagellnce did
a flagelence. Yeah, highly they killed Jews. They would kill
clergy that opposed them, except for the Pope, and the
(16:42):
Pope was like, you're officially denounced, and I think thirteen
forty nine and that was it for the flagelence, although
they popped up again in later um plugues and pestilences,
but they stopped for the black death, like immediately when
they denounced them. Well, they killed Jews because it was
a pretty bad rumor going around that the Jews had
(17:03):
uh were poisoning the water supply, and because at the
time Christians and Jews lived separately, largely a lot of
Jewish Jewish communities were effectively quarantined so they didn't get
hit as hard. So all of a sudden, Jews are
I don't know prosperings the right word, but they're not
dying like the Christians are, so so that Christians started
(17:23):
burning them as they started burning them alive. Apparently in Strasbourg,
the Germany was more Jews died in Germany than anywhere
else um at the hands of Christians who were upset
about the plague um and in Strasburg in uh, let's see, um,
I think thirteen forty eight, on one day, two Jews
(17:46):
were burned alive at the stake, just that one city
on that one day. And apparently entire communities used to
be walled up and set on fire with everybody, or
Jews would convert Christianity on the spot, or they would
set their own houses on fire. Yeah, which is kind
of sensible, like, oh, look, my house is already on fire.
Better I should probably take off, keep on walking, see
(18:07):
you guys later. Well, a lot of Jews fled to
the countryside, didn't they too, because they were able to. Yeah,
good for them, is what I said. Well, I don't
think it was just Jews. I think anybody who had
the means of going to the countryside, which is crazy
because I mean, like going to the countryside means like
stepping out your back door. I thought in like the
fourteenth century, but apparently there were still the wealthy went
(18:30):
out to the country once in a while, and they
would Yeah. So it was needless to say, it was
a really rough few years for Europe um and by
fifty two it was largely gone. Yeah, it just took off.
But what I mean there was. It's not like all right,
black desk on, everything's cool now. They were like huge,
(18:51):
huge effects. Apparently the um self flagellation worked, right, Yeah,
sure that's what it was. Well, yeah, you have to
imagine a third, right, So that means that between you,
me and Jerry, one of us dies. That's not necessarily true.
I'd set myself on fire. Um okay, so then two
(19:14):
of us would have died, right, Um, I mean a third,
a third of of this this population within like seriously,
like two years is just gone. People are um being
eaten by dogs or corpses are being eaten by dogs
in the streets. Families are just completely abandoning one another
(19:35):
once they get sick. The whole um social psyche, the
collective psyche of Europe just kind of crumble a little bit.
It took a pretty big ding. And one of the
places it took that ding was in religion. A lot
of heretical society sprung up because it was like either
this was your work, God, or you didn't do anything
to help us, so we're not coming to church anymore.
(19:59):
Instead of being really thankful that they survived, people uh
partied like it was basically crazy parties. Yeah, a lot
of debauchery, lots of debauchery. Um. Uh. There was an
economic impact to a huge one. Well yeah, if half
your sorry, if a third of the workforce is gone,
(20:21):
you've got no one working, So labor is gonna skyrocket.
The price of labor is the price of labor is
cost of goods food, you know, the little silver lining.
Their food was in supply because there weren't as many
people to eat it. Exactly. Sadly, the other cool thing
does it's potentially we saw the birth of modern science
(20:42):
and medicine because of the Black Death. Because the leaders
we're like, you know, this whole planet's aligning thing was
pretty stupid now that we look back at it, So
why don't we found some schools and do some real
research based on physical science and give that a whirl.
And it started. It worked, which was some kind of
(21:03):
ironic as well, because the population was so decimated that
it even after they had this idea, they had to
wait a little while to reopen schools because they couldn't
staff them. Oh yeah, um. And also, chuck, there were
there was an almost complete loss of any illusions about
death and whether or not it's coming for you. Um,
(21:23):
there's a whole allegory and art that um that sprang
up at the time called Dance macab which is the
dance of death, which is basically like you know, showing
living people and skeletons, you know, working side by side
or um hanging out or partying together or whatever. And
the point of that is that you know, death can
(21:44):
come at any time, and it's coming for everybody. So
art and poetry and things like that just took a
real down return there for a while because that was
clearly what everyone was thinking about at the time. That's right, Chuck,
Uh what caused it? See? This is where I get
a little, um, a little confused, because there's conflicting information
even to this day. Well it's um one of those
(22:05):
things where we thought we figured it out, but uh,
modern techniques and modern investigation have kind of led us
to think, is you like that? I have have led
us to think that maybe that first idea hasn't wasn't right.
The first idea came out of the third pandemic, which
was in eighteen nine in Hong Kong and India. Right, Um,
(22:29):
and two bacteriologists Alexander Jerson and Uh Shibasaburo Kitasato, thanks Um.
They worked independently and isolated the cause of that third pandemic,
and it is what we know today as bubonic plague.
It's a bacterium called your Cina pestis um, named after
(22:51):
Alexander Jerson right um, and it it lives in the
four gut of fleas, rodent fleas that feast on rat. Yeah,
this was interesting, I thought, because the flea bites the
regular fleet um bites rat and drinks blood, and it's like,
oh man, that was fantastic. Uh. If you're infected with
(23:14):
the your sena, you're sending a pestus and your fleet.
You bite the rodent and you eat the blood, but
it gets stuck in your foregut, and so you never
feel that quench of that tasty, tasty blood in your
stomach if your flee. So you keep biting more and
more rodents and infecting more and more roes because you're,
like we talked about with the fleas, regurgitating it back
(23:35):
onto rodents, and all of a sudden you're killing all
these rodents and then when there are no more rodents
and the fleas will go to people. And so they
thought that's how it was spread, which makes sense because
it's not like um conditions were really sanitary in the
Middle Ages, or there were plenty of rights before the
Middle Ages. Um the fourteenth century, right, yeah, um, yeah,
(23:58):
there were plenty of rats, plenty of fleas um. The
problem is that there's a lot of discrepancies between bubonic
plague or your sena, your Cinea pestis and whatever. The
Black Death was right, so you've got like a big discrepancies.
You've got um bubos right with both, but bubo is
(24:19):
under the bubonic plague. Um tend to spring up around
the growing area only, And descriptions of bubos with the
Black Death or that they were all over the place,
all over your body. Um bubos or bubonic plague doesn't
cause um purple splotches. It doesn't cause delirium, doesn't yeah,
(24:40):
Or the vomiting um, blood and and pus and all
that stuff. There's a lot of stuff that was documented
widely by different sources during the Black Death that doesn't
have anything in common with bubonic plague. Well, the big
one to me was the fact that bubonic plague, even
if you don't treat it as mortality rate of about
(25:01):
and from the sounds of the Black Death, it was,
you know, near a hundred taken down entire villages, right,
So they did figure out that the third pandemic in
was caused by your cinea pestis bubonic plague, but they
erroneously possibly attributed it to the Black Death. But for
(25:22):
about a hundred years, that was the premise that everyone
went on was bubonic plague was a Black Death until
and some researchers who have been dubbed um plague deniers. Yeah,
I have started to come up with competing theories, and
there's there's some interesting ones. Yes, sociologists Susan Scott and
biologist Christopher Duncan. I think that it is a hemorrhagic
(25:45):
fever like ebola. Makes sense. Some say anthrax or maybe
some just disease that is not around, some extinct disease, right,
like it went extinct somehow after after the Black Death.
The thing though, is the DNA study and the nineteen
nineties they dug up some corpses from mass graves in
France tested the teeth because I guess dental pulps about
(26:09):
the only thing you contest at that point, and they
did find that the y pestis in the samples. So
they said, oh, yeah, so it was a plague. But
then they apparently looked at other bodies from other grave
sites and that it wasn't conclusive, so they didn't find
it at all. So what does that mean? I don't know.
What do you think? Um? Well, Skip Knox, that historian
(26:33):
are referred to earlier. His um his theory is that
it was bubonic plague working in concert with the mnemonic plague,
so it was respiratory, which is um bubo pneumonic. Yeah,
which basically his ideas that there are two plagues working
at once, or that's the theory he subscribed to, which
(26:54):
I don't know. It's it seems likely to me that
there's probably some bacterium that's either extinct or worse than
that dormant right right, Let's hope it's dormants. Not the
word I want to be hearing right now. Oh, and
there's one other thing that was a problem with the fleas.
There were two other problems that we didn't mention. One
was that there should have been a die off of rats,
(27:15):
because remember they jumped from rats to humans when there's
no more rats and there's no documented die off of
rats in Europe before the plague ever um. And then secondly, um,
what was the winter should kill fleas? That's right, Chuck,
but it didn't. Well, it does kill fleas, but it
didn't have any effect on the spread of the Black Death. Well.
(27:37):
The other problem though, is it's like we said, it's
all the stuff that's written down, so it's not like,
you know, you said the bubos are near the groin area.
But at the time, you know, with the sensationalism of
of the day, people they could have been writing, you know,
the sores all over their body, and you know, they
could have exaggerated some of the symptoms because of fear. Uh. Yeah,
(28:00):
I just don't know how much I trust the records
of hundreds in Europe. Well. Plus also, there was no
standardized medical jargon either for them to use or that
that they could use that we would understand. Yeah, so
we're cobbling together what we think they meant, what this
one person meant. But they think the numbers of deaths
are pretty accurate. This is pretty crazy. One third. Oh,
(28:24):
and we're talking about how it's so eurocentric. In Cairo,
seven thousand deaths a day at its peak, the black death.
Sorry the black death. Wow. Yeah, let's say for black death.
If you want to see some pretty cool pictures, um
and read more about it, I strongly recommend this one.
(28:44):
Type in black death in the search bar at how
stuff works dot com. And it's time now for a
listener mail. Josh. I'm gonna call this our second Mafia mail.
Sometimes we get so much mail from one topic that
we feel like we should read more than one email
on the topic, especially when it's accompanied by physical threats.
(29:06):
That's right. So this is from Kate the Canucks Stewart,
that's what she calls herself, which I thought it was
kind of funny. Hi, Josh and Chuck and Jerry. I'm
a huge fan of the podcast, but I've never written
in before because I never had much to say besides
oh my gosh, I love you guys. It's a great
reason right in by the way. Um, However, after listening
(29:27):
to the Mafia Cast, it just had to write you
an email to have some info from my family's past.
My grandmother on my mother's side, it's a second cousin
to the infamous Lucky Luciano. Most of the men and
her family were made and although she was largely kept
out of the loop when it came to the wheelings
and underdealings of her family. Like Diane Keaton and the
(29:49):
god fine Uh. There is one event that really brought
home the kinds of things her brother and cousins were
up to. When my mom was only a baby, my
grandfather ran out on my grandma. When my great uncle
heard about this, he and his cousins asked my grandma
if she wanted them to take care of him for her.
She really didn't know what that meant, but responded, maybe
(30:09):
even jokingly, well, don't kill him or anything. The next day,
she got a phone call that her husband had been
admitted to a hospital, badly beaten, with both of his
legs broken. Clearly, it wasn't prudent to mess around with
members of my family. There are other rumors swirling around
about different ventures that my great uncle and cousins were
involved in, but they were notoriously tight lipped about everything.
(30:31):
As far as I know, no one in my family
is a part of the mob anymore, and no one
has the broken legs. No one has broken the legs
of any of my ex boyfriends. But I wouldn't date
you just to be on the safe. That huh. That
is Kate the canuck Um. Thanks a lot, Kate appreciate that,
and all you Canucks listening out there, thank you very
(30:52):
much for moral this and thousands of other topics. Is
it how stuffworks dot com? So and more about the
podcast click on the podcast icon in the upper right
corner of our homepage. The House Stuff Works iPhone app
has arrived. Download it today on iTunes. Brought to you
(31:12):
by the reinvented two thousand twelve camera. It's ready, are
you
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