March 1, 2011 • 30 mins
During World War II, the U.S. interned more than 100,000 Japanese and Japanese-American citizens. In this episode, Chuck and Josh recount the events that led to these internments, along with the long-term consequences of these events.
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Speaker 1 (00:00):
Brought to you by the reinvented two thousand twelve Camray.
It's ready. Are you welcome to Stuff you should Know?
From House Stuff Works dot Com. Hey, and welcome to
the podcast. I'm Josh Clark. There's Charles W Chuck Bryant,
and that makes this stuff you should know you paranoid
(00:23):
or something. I just looked over my shoulder for Chuck Bryant. No,
that's that guy's going after me, the real Chuck Bryan.
Don't don't worry about him. Okay, he's taking care of Yeah. Good,
go back to being Armonton's area. Supposedly that was the
worst one ever. That's what Matt Greening said. I think so, Matt.
You told me once that, Matt Greening, it was asked
(00:44):
if there was one Simpsons that he could just take
a mulligan on and just not exist. You told me.
I don't think I did, because I've never heard that.
That's disappointing because I love that episode. That's the episode
that I based my episode on. Yeah, we've had this conversation,
you know, all right, well you just make up Matt
Graining quotes, right, Um, Chuck? Yes, speaking of TV? Uh,
(01:08):
did you ever see the season three episode of Magnum
P I called forty Years from Sand Island. No, you haven't.
I've seen them all, dude, No, tell me what it
was about, and I'll verify that. But I've just said yes, Well,
I mean I saw every Magnum, so I assume I've
seen it. Well. This one starts out in a Japanese
internment camp in Oahu called sand Island, and um, there's
(01:32):
a murder a guard. One of the guards murders this, uh,
this internee, I guess, and so what we means she
worked at the camp for fighting with that college credit um,
although there are some similarities between internment camps and internment um.
(01:52):
But this, this internee is murdered by this camp guard,
and uh, Higgins is writing a book forty years later
about this incident, and some mysterious things starting to happen,
and somebody's out to whack him. Some Magnum's got to
solve the case. Who was Higgins the guy who killed
the person? Did it haunt him years later? No? I
don't remember how he learned about it, like maybe from
(02:16):
hearsay or something like that, and he was doing research
on it. I don't know why he was writing a
book on it. I don't remember the episode there forty
years from Sand Island season three. It was a good one,
like they'd really hit their stride by then. But the
crazy thing is Sand Island really existed. It was a
Japanese internment camp and it didn't make this list. Strangely enough,
(02:37):
where was it? Who? Yeah, that wasn't in here, was it? No?
But it is. It was the main internment camp where um,
Japanese and Japanese Americans were intern during World War two.
Because something that I think probably especially a lot of
our younger listeners haven't found out yet. Uh, the United
States interned a number of its citizens unconstitutional lead during
(03:00):
World War two. You know that one Simpsons where there
it's the soccer one? Uh give me more. Well there
they go to see this um their professional soccer team
or whatever, and they're in the soccer stadium. Margin looks
around and goes, I can't believe this used to be
an internment camp. Oh that's good stuff. Yeah. There are
(03:20):
a lot of shelters, temporary places set up, and a
lot of people were moved through them. There's a lot
of misery and heartache. Let's talk about it too. Simpsons, Uh,
and a magnum in the first six minutes. That is stellar. Yes,
all right, let's talk about it, all right, Josh. On
December seven, very awful thing happened, the Japanese attack Pearl
(03:41):
Harbor by surprise. I didn't know what's coming, and Michael
Bay ultimately made a pretty bad movie about it. I
actually went to see that and left after the attack,
just because that's you know, that's what I was there for.
I didn't need to see the love story attached, all right.
Moving on, President F. D. R at the time said, uh,
(04:02):
we're gonna relocate about a hundred thousand Japanese and Japanese
Americans put him in uh what he called concentration camps. Yeah,
which he wouldn't use that term today for these now
they're they're associated with Nazis exactly. And Jane mcgrathroy wrote,
this went to a lot of length to um to
differentiate the two a little unnecessarily. I mean, I don't
(04:24):
think anyone thought of them as the same thing. It
was a fine article, Jane, it was, But that was
not how it started, is it, Josh. He started out
a little slower and it sort of grew from there. Yeah, Well,
there was apparently intelligence that even before the attack on
Pearl Harbor UM in the on the Pacific coast, especially
in areas like San Francisco, Los Angeles, Seattle, there were
(04:47):
UM spy rings of Japanese and Japanese Americans UM being
set up. So right after the attack, UM they rounded
up about fifteen hundred aliens that they suspected of possibly
being engaged in spionage, and not just Japanese, but also
like Italians, Italian Americans, Germans and German Americans, the people
who brought us some liberty cabbage and stuff like that.
(05:11):
All right, so he reviews these people, finds out what
they're all about. He hasn't paraded in front of his desk,
and he's like that guy looks okay, not that one.
Well that's sort of what happened. And uh, some of
the aliens were released and some were sent to temporary
detention camps. Canada. If you think you're off the hook,
you're not, yeah, because you did the same thing. Yeah,
(05:32):
twenty thousand people UM. And I wonder how much how
much of that had to do with Canada UM bowing
to pressure from the US. I wonder. I wonder which
makes it even more shameful on us on both parties.
But so a couple of months after Pearl Harbor, and
this was I guess after the review of right, Yes,
(05:55):
that's when he issued the Executive Order nine zero six six,
which gave the military the power to create zones. And
what it says here is zones in which any or
all persons may be excluded. So that means they did
it like really indirectly. That's what I thought. They basically said, like,
you can't live here, you can't own property here at
(06:19):
the very least, you can't be here right now, but
you happen to live here. The military has designated this
like as an exclusionary zone, but we have this free
housing over here that you can come take advantage of um.
And I think that's how it was kind of sould
at first, But it became very obvious that the Japanese
(06:41):
didn't have a choice in moving to these camps. That's
the impression I have. That's the impression I have too,
So let's let's talk about them. They set up first
assembly Areas, which were temporary camps from February until the summer. Right,
first generation and second generation Japanese Americans, you say, which
is first generation, and Nissa which is second generation. And
(07:02):
they actually got folks from both coasts, although it was
largely West coast. It was almost Yeah, it was mostly
West coast because that's much closer to Japan than the
East coast, of course, and that's what the intel supposedly
said that they were living anyway, and they were also
I saw a government propaganda film from when they started this.
(07:22):
Camps were being built, so it would have been made
in like nineteen and Um. Basically they were they were
saying like we just you know, there's just too many
Japanese and these you know, large populations, they're not spread
out because they left people alone in Atlanta and Dallas
and New York generally, Um, because they were diffuse. Uh.
(07:45):
One of the reasons they went after the West coast
because they were huge concentrations of Japanese Americans and Japanese
that they were just worried about, you know, them coming
up with problems. That's what the propaganda film said. If
they said problems, they didn't say problems. That was what
they're conveying. One of the problems here with how this
(08:07):
went down was they only got a couple of weeks. Notice,
at most they had to leave their homes with whatever
they could carry and go to these assembly centers. Can I, um,
can I tell you one more thing from the propaganda film,
So when they're for they show them putting up signs
that might as well say like you didn't get out.
It was basically like if you're if you are Japanese
(08:30):
or second generation Japanese, you you can't be here. You
have to go meet here at this time and we'll
process you. And basically processing meant here are some government
enlisted lawyers and they're going to um they're going to
help you basically sell your home and business and whatever
(08:51):
for a loss. In most cases, you don't have a choice.
Now did they force all that or strongly encourage them
as far as like selling their they forced it. But
the propaganda film, which I recommend anybody seeing, I cant
remera what it's called. But um, it's only like ten
minutes long, but man, they pack a lot into it.
They say like the Japanese and Japanese Americans are happy
(09:11):
to help out. They're happy to prove their loyalty. Basically
they're doing their part by getting off of the West Coast.
That's how this propaganda film made. It seems very interesting.
But yeah, a lot of them were forced to sell
their stuff, often less than market value, right, So they're
starting off on a bad note to begin with. And
this is just what the temporary housing. Then in UH
(09:34):
late summer they had finally set up ten of these
internment camps ready open for business. The w r A,
the War Relocation Authority UH put up places in California, Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Utah, Wyoming, Arkansas,
and it gets Hawaii. In Hawaii, even though that didn't
make this list. Sand Island, Sand Island, and they were guarded,
(09:58):
they were bar wired, they had hospitals, they had basically
everything you need to live, schools, little forms of government. Yeah,
there was no UM, there was no Basically they put
them in the in the camps, guarded them so they
couldn't they weren't allowed to leave or um come in
and out freely. But inside the camps that was up
(10:21):
to the Japanese to form their own democratic self government.
And they did this kind of like block captains and
things like that. Subpark conditions. Yeah, definitely, even the w
r A said that at the time, UH kind of
like army barracks. One family per room. You got you caught,
You got your mattress, you got a stove in a light,
you got some blankets. Right. The problem was, or one
(10:43):
of the problems was that these barracks, let's say there
were five apartments in the barracks, they were separated by
four walls, and the walls didn't go all the way
to the ceiling. So there was like no privacy in
a very private culture. Oh yeah, sure, So they started
wrecking their cultural heritage off the bat basically much uh,
public laundry, public bathroom facilities, mess hall. So they got
(11:06):
a small allowance of money foreclose personal expenditures and the like,
but it was pretty dang low. Um. And so if
they wanted a more comfortable life in there, they would
dip into your personal savings. Right. So that started wrecking
them on the financial front as well. Yeah, and the
low wages also, um had a strange indirect effect Chuck,
(11:30):
And that Um, the parents and the kids who were
old enough to work, we're making the same amount of money. Yeah.
One of the things that you know, one of the
ways parents exert controller of their children is like, I
make more than yeah, not, we make the exact same
amount of money. So that wrecked the family home front
a little bit more. It definitely eroded authority among parents.
(11:52):
And you know, I mentioned that they could dip into
their savings. Not the case with um first generation Japanese
because their assets were actually frozen, so they didn't have
the option to spend their own money. But you say
that they earned and put in the bank, right, Okay,
So like you said, they tried their best to do
normal things set up like baseball leagues. Evidently the Japanese
(12:15):
love baseball. Yeah. I saw a m I saw an
art um exhibit at a Smithsonian why was the Renwick
Gallery in DC, and they had um. It was called
Garmin the Art of the Internment camps. And a couple
of things they had were some like handmade baseball jerseys
(12:36):
for the leagues that they set up there. Yeah, that's
pretty cool. It was very cool. There's a lot of
really interesting stuff that bet is that was that still
on display right now or it just ended January? I
looked it out. I was gonna tell everybody to go
everyone in d C at least, Well, I bet it'll
set up somewhere else, So keep it out for it
fingers cross. Um. One of the other ways that sort
of wrecked the cultural family front was that Japanese traditionally
(12:59):
eate together as family family time, meal time, and now
that uh, the little boys and girls were living close
to their friends, they like, we're really hot to go
over and eat dinner with their friends. So that fractured
the family even more. Yeah. Plus, also, if you didn't
want people to know you were arguing with your wife,
you better not do it in the barracks, because again,
the walls didn't go all the way to the top.
(13:21):
That's right. Um, there's just a lot more insight into
your neighbors private life than than the Japanese were ever
comfortable with. Yeah. I don't think any culture would be
fully comfortable with those conditions. I agree. But yeah, so
let's move forward to three when the w r A says,
(13:41):
you know what, maybe we should let some of these
folks out to go to school and work, and let's
make a questionnaire and base their release on this the
results of this. Yeah, so you have that questionnaire, Well,
there's there's a lot of personal information, like, um, you
know where are you're born? Uh, can you give five
(14:01):
character references, five work references, and there's some other kind
of odd questions like, UM, name some newspapers that you
subscribe to a regularly read UM, what are your hobbies
and interests? Uh? Would you volunteer for the Army Nurse Corps?
Would you denot's there for Japan? What are some other
(14:21):
hobbies of your interests to you? They just slipped that
denouncing emperor of Japan in there, Yeah, and a lot
of people hopped at this opportunity. They saw what it
was and they said, sure totally. All I'm an American
citizen anyway, So yeah, that's fine, I'll denounced the Emperor
of Japan. One thing we I don't think we really
touched on, Chuck. There was a hundred and twelve thousand
(14:43):
people who were relocated to these internment camps. Seven thousand
of them were, no doubt about it, American citizens. UM.
So yeah, there are a lot of people who were
happy to sign this UM pledge of allegiance basically or
pledge of loyalty, and those who did were released. There
are a lot of people who took it the opposite way. Well,
(15:04):
they were released just to go to work in school
at the time, right, they weren't released released, were they
I think, Uh yeah, I think that that did gain
them early release or release before other people. UM. Yeah,
well I think they were allowed to leave for work
or school, but they weren't like released release at that
time at least okay. UM. There were some other people
who took great offense to these questionnaires UM and refused
(15:28):
to sign them. And there was actually a big protest
at tool Lake. UM. And even if they were citizens,
American citizens refused to Yeah, there are actually people who
renounced their citizenship in the face of being forced to
sign this loyalty oath on top of already being a citizen.
So they actually verbally renounced their citizenship. At tool Lake
(15:49):
there was a mass protest UM. And there was a
guy named Jimmy Americatani who had a pretty cool UM
documentary made about him, Cat the Cats Americatani. He was
at tool Lake, he denounced the citizenship. UM. He was
finally released from the camps when they were closed uh
and basically went to be homeless. And he didn't realize
(16:10):
that his citizenship had been restored in nineteen fifty nine,
and as recently as like two thousand two, he still
thought he was like an illegal alien living on the streets,
almost like a Japanese drags kind of. Yeah. Yeah, he
was like, that's exactly what he was, like, was a
Japanese straggler of the camps. Basically. Wow. Yeah, it's really interesting.
It's it's worth seeing. But I love it. He state
(16:31):
in the United States in New York. He's actually he
was a master artist. He was really good. Yeah, you
should check it out. Well. But yeah, most if not
all of the people who were in this protest at
tool Lake and renounced their citizenship. Um. There was this
one lawyer who went back and said, dude, they did
this under durest. It shouldn't have been in the camps
in the first place. Let's restore their citizenship. And I
(16:52):
think most, if not all, had their citizenship restored years later. Yeah, alright, Josh,
let's go to ninety four December. Uh, this finally comes
to an end after a lot of public outcry. Uh,
they were allowed to leave, Um, but they couldn't exactly
just jump back into their regular life in many cases
because a lot of times their business or property was
(17:14):
taken over or neglected in shambles. At this point, and
an alarming amount of money. Yeah, four hundred million dollars
in financial losses by the Japanese internees in two thousand nine.
That's about five point two billion, but I think lower
now because I looked up at different calculator. It's at
(17:35):
four point eight So maybe it went down since two
thousand nine. Deflation. Deflation good? So what was what's the
problem here? Why is this a big deal? Why should
I care? Is this constitutional? Well? Yeah it is. It
was extremely unconstitutional. UM A panel later found out right,
(17:57):
And of course I was being facetious with that. By
the way of UM, there was this girl named mits
Sue Endo who was a twenty two year old. She
was born and raised in Sacramento. UM had never been
to Japan, couldn't. I don't think she could speak or
read Japanese. And she was interned at one of these
camps UM and she basically appealed. She she appealed for
(18:22):
a writ of habeas corpus we've talked about before. It
got denied. She started appealing up to the Supreme Court.
Supreme Court got ahold of it and was like, this
woman should be granted unconditional release immediately. And that opened
the floodgates for every other US citizen who was intern
there UM. And then eventually that couple with the popular
(18:42):
outcry against it because people even while it was going on,
Americans everyday, Americans who were saying, this is horribly wrong. Yeah,
it was pretty controversial. And so finally, even before the
war ended, the camps were shut down. But this wasn't
before some people died. Oh are you talking about the
on the island. That's different, but we can talk about that. Well,
(19:06):
let's talk about both. At the UM the art exhibit
I was telling you about the Renwick Gallery, there was
this guy UM named Shura Obada and he did some
really cool ink illustrations. But one of the ones he
did was an old man doubled over and there's a
dog nearby, and there's the fence and then the mountains
in the background. And if you read the caption beneath
(19:28):
the explanation, it's of an actual event that took place UM.
An old man who was deaf was chasing a stray dog,
trying to catch it, and apparently a guard was shouting
at him forgetting to get away from the fence. Old
man was deaf, didn't hear it. The guard shot him
to death. This is in one of the camps. Yeah,
and I mean, like if this is unconstitutional, it never
(19:49):
should have happened, then just that alone is makes it horrific,
you know. But then there are a lot of other
people who who died of um, just deplorable conditions in
the Aleutian Islands, right, Yeah, I mean it wasn't just
rounded up in the United States, as we found out
when we read this, Uh, Japan was apparently we got
(20:13):
word that Japan was going to attack the Aleutian Islands
Kiska and A two, so before they did so, we said,
let's get in there and round up Ah, I guess
is it was it locals, Yeah, the Nihan, the Unan Gas,
Union Gas, un Gas. Yeah. I don't understand is why.
(20:35):
I mean, they weren't Japanese American, they weren't American. Why
did we round them up for their own protection? Supposedly? Well,
I think not even supposedly. I think that was the
whole thing, that that we were pretty sure the Japanese
were going to capture this island, which they did, so
we were we evacuated them from their home. Okay, Well,
sadly what happened though was eighty one of these uh
(20:56):
unan Gas were rounded up and they saw U servicemen
burning their houses and their villages down, so the Japanese
couldn't use them. So the Japanese couln't use them, and
that that that was just when they were setting sail
for their new home, where like, you can't stay here,
and we're gonna take you someplace where a lot of
you are gonna die, okay, So they took them um
(21:16):
further into Alaska and basically used an old fish canary,
uh an old fish salting place, herring salterry, and then
UH an old mine of some sort, gold mine camp.
That was like riding out that these were the temporary
quarters for these people. And um out of eight one
chuck four people died of things like um consumption, UH
(21:41):
the damp TB which are all I think the same thing. Well,
they didn't have plumbing, they didn't have electricity, they had
no toilets, they didn't have the food was poor, they
didn't have winter clothes, and the water was tainted. And
this is where they sent them. Yeah, unbelievable. So the
inning Gecks basically said, okay, well, we're just gonna take
matters into our own hands. They built themselves, their own quarters,
(22:04):
they raised the church there. They it was pretty inspiring.
And again this one wasn't like interment against I guess
it was against their will, but it was supposedly for
their own safety. Well that's what they said about the
Japanese Americans too, we should point out, right, And we
should also say, well, let's talk about that panel in
ninety eight that found that that was not the case
(22:25):
at all. Yeah. Well, before we move on, though, we
should say that the union, the Union gacks twenty five
of the men actually joined the American Armed Forces. Despite
the fact that they were rounded up and putting these
camps and some of them died, they still supported America
to the extent that they would fight and died for
the country. Pretty amazing, is very amazing. All right. So
(22:45):
now we flashed forward once again through our little time
machine to when redressed payments. Uh, we're basically on the table. Right.
In nineteen eighty, Congress created um the Commission on Wartime
Relocation in Kerman of civilians, and they came to their
decision in nine right, and their decision or their judgment
(23:06):
on whether or not I was constitutional or what was
the motivation behind it was that it was racism, pure
and simple racism in wartime hysteria, right, um. And basically
they said, yes, there was evidence that, um, there was
espionage networks on the West Coast among Japanese and Japanese Americans,
(23:27):
but the people who were calling the shots about interment
didn't know that at the time. So we owe these
people a lot of money? Is what they came up with?
How much was it in reparation? So I got some
stats for you. Eighty two thousand, two hundred and ten
people got paid twenty thousand apiece. Now, remember when I
(23:47):
said that the financial losses, um, let's go back to
at least because that's when they were paid. That would
have been two point six billion dollars lost. One point
two billion was paid out, so less than half of
what they lost they ended up getting back. So in
other words, the twenty grand didn't cover you know, squad
didn't course squad. And in n the SIP Civil Liberties
(24:13):
Act was put into effect. They released another four hundred
thousand for payments. And part of the deal then was
and I think this was the first Bush signed, this
one ten the ten in tournament sites were made historical
landmarks and in the official apology. Um. That was part
of the deal. Um was the money an official apology
(24:36):
and then funds for an educational foundation. This is what
they wanted, they got it. Who Yeah, well, I wish
I could say that's a happy ending. I think probably
the better legacy of it, though, is that we very
sadly learned a really hard lesson, and that is that
we can't get swept up in racial hysteria and profiling
(25:00):
among our citizens. Um. Yeah, in the midst of an emergency,
and I think that Um. I wonder if that helped
calm people keep heads cooler. Following nine eleven. Yeah. I know.
One thing though, is that they never found any Japanese
(25:20):
American guilty of espionage in World War Two. There you
have it, Yeah, there you have it. Japanese internment camps
probably one located near you, especially if you live in
the Western States or Arkansas or on Sand Island in
Oahu right, um, or if you've ever been in Santa
Anita race track I have that was an assembly camp?
(25:43):
Was it really? Wow? Yeah? I want some money on
some ponies there one time. Oh, there were Japanese people
who were kept there against their will. I didn't know
that that's true. If you want to learn more about
Japanese internment camps, type in interment I and E R
N M E N T in the search part How
(26:03):
stuff works dot com. That means it's time for a
listener mail. All right, Josh, we're gonna catch people up
on our our sergeant John Walker. Oh yeah, because we did.
We did all this on Facebook, but we didn't really
do it on the show, so many people might not
know that, Uh, staff Sergeant Walker was shot in the
(26:24):
line of duty in Afghanistan pretty severely. Was not a
flesh wound as they say. And I won't get into
the details of how that went down. We'll pick up
afterward with this email. Guys. The first couple of days
after I was in my own coma from shell shock
and a concussion, doctors put me on heavy meds due
(26:45):
to surgeries in the pain. When they went to test
my brain functions on the Wonder machine due to the meds,
it basically showed me as brain dead as my body
was not reacting to the stimuli. Uh, don't worry, folks,
he's clearly writing his emails, so things turned out okay.
Which we're getting too. After I was out of the coma,
I was in too much pain, so they put me
in a medically induced comma, which basically meant just more meds. Afterwards,
(27:07):
they tested the d m R. I again showed some problems,
but they said it was only temporary. Um Through this all,
my brother in law sent me to your Facebook page,
and if you remember, I posted this, lots of people
logged on, and regardless of political affiliation and how they
feel about the war, there were very concerned about Walker,
which is pretty cool. I was not able to finish
reading the comments on the post you guys made. I
(27:29):
kept tearing up from all the heartwarming comments from the
strangers who didn't even know me. It's really nice of
you guys to do this, plus really nice of everyone
who posted. I found it very kind that people posted
outside of that post and kept asking for updates. Uh So,
moving on, He's in the States now, recovering pretty well.
He has just been promoted again from staff sergeant all
(27:52):
the way to sergeant major and he says he will
be promoted to second lieutenant and will receive the Purple
Heart the Army dis e Whig Service Cross the Soldiers Medal,
Army con Commendation Medal, Army Achievement Medal, Army and Air
Force Presidential Unit Citation, Army Good Conduct Medal, Army Service Ribbon,
Army Overseas Service Ribbon, National Defense Service Medal. So he's
(28:16):
getting loaded up on his chest here for being shot exactly.
Been placed on medical leave. My family wants me to
discharge as this is my fourth stint, but I will
not do it. There's danger out there and people need protection.
I will be providing protection. I plan on one more
tour and then after the Army, I planned to join
law enforcement. So he's doing awesome. He's on the Facebook
(28:38):
page a lot. He if you remember from many months ago,
he was the one who was teaching English uh to
the kids who spoke Farsie through our podcast and he
said a lot of these children from the school came
and visited him and the hospital and made him cards
and stuff and so pretty cool story. That is a
great story. So we just want to catch everyone else
(29:00):
out there who's not on the Facebook page up. He's
all over the place too. He's on Twitter as well,
and he started actually a stuff you should Know Army
page on Facebook. Facebook as well. Yeah, he's he's poaching
our peeps. Know he's a good guy. Yes, he is
a very good guy. Thank you for keeping us up
to date. Sorry stuff, Sergeant Walker. Um, and we're glad
you pulled through, Sergeant Major. Thank you for keeping us
(29:23):
up to date, Sergeant Major Walker, And we're glad you
pulled through. We were worried there for a little while,
weren't we. It's pretty scary. It was like right around
Christmas for years now, it was after and his brother
in law was emailing me this stuff, saying like, we
don't know if he's going to make it. At one point, Yeah,
it was scary. It was. Well, we're glad he's fine, Um, right, recovering. Yes, Uh,
(29:45):
it's pretty bleak outside still these days, chuck. So let's
get some nice beach stories. Yeah, if you have a
great story that takes place on the beach, we want
to hear it. Send it to us in an email
at stuff podcast at how stuff works dot com. For
more on this and thousands of other topics, is it
(30:07):
how stuff works dot com. To learn more about the podcast,
click on the podcast icon in the upper right corner
of our homepage. The How Stuff Works iPhone app has arrived.
Download it today on iTunes m Brought to you by
the reinvented two thousand twelve camera. It's ready, are you
Brought to you by the reinvented two thousand twelve Camray.
It's ready. Are you welcome to Stuff you should Know?
From House Stuff Works dot Com. Hey, and welcome to
the podcast. I'm Josh Clark. There's Charles W Chuck Bryant,
and that makes this stuff you should know you paranoid
(00:23):
or something. I just looked over my shoulder for Chuck Bryant. No,
that's that guy's going after me, the real Chuck Bryan.
Don't don't worry about him. Okay, he's taking care of Yeah. Good,
go back to being Armonton's area. Supposedly that was the
worst one ever. That's what Matt Greening said. I think so, Matt.
You told me once that, Matt Greening, it was asked
(00:44):
if there was one Simpsons that he could just take
a mulligan on and just not exist. You told me.
I don't think I did, because I've never heard that.
That's disappointing because I love that episode. That's the episode
that I based my episode on. Yeah, we've had this conversation,
you know, all right, well you just make up Matt
Graining quotes, right, Um, Chuck? Yes, speaking of TV? Uh,
(01:08):
did you ever see the season three episode of Magnum
P I called forty Years from Sand Island. No, you haven't.
I've seen them all, dude, No, tell me what it
was about, and I'll verify that. But I've just said yes, Well,
I mean I saw every Magnum, so I assume I've
seen it. Well. This one starts out in a Japanese
internment camp in Oahu called sand Island, and um, there's
(01:32):
a murder a guard. One of the guards murders this, uh,
this internee, I guess, and so what we means she
worked at the camp for fighting with that college credit um,
although there are some similarities between internment camps and internment um.
(01:52):
But this, this internee is murdered by this camp guard,
and uh, Higgins is writing a book forty years later
about this incident, and some mysterious things starting to happen,
and somebody's out to whack him. Some Magnum's got to
solve the case. Who was Higgins the guy who killed
the person? Did it haunt him years later? No? I
don't remember how he learned about it, like maybe from
(02:16):
hearsay or something like that, and he was doing research
on it. I don't know why he was writing a
book on it. I don't remember the episode there forty
years from Sand Island season three. It was a good one,
like they'd really hit their stride by then. But the
crazy thing is Sand Island really existed. It was a
Japanese internment camp and it didn't make this list. Strangely enough,
(02:37):
where was it? Who? Yeah, that wasn't in here, was it? No?
But it is. It was the main internment camp where um,
Japanese and Japanese Americans were intern during World War two.
Because something that I think probably especially a lot of
our younger listeners haven't found out yet. Uh, the United
States interned a number of its citizens unconstitutional lead during
(03:00):
World War two. You know that one Simpsons where there
it's the soccer one? Uh give me more. Well there
they go to see this um their professional soccer team
or whatever, and they're in the soccer stadium. Margin looks
around and goes, I can't believe this used to be
an internment camp. Oh that's good stuff. Yeah. There are
(03:20):
a lot of shelters, temporary places set up, and a
lot of people were moved through them. There's a lot
of misery and heartache. Let's talk about it too. Simpsons, Uh,
and a magnum in the first six minutes. That is stellar. Yes,
all right, let's talk about it, all right, Josh. On
December seven, very awful thing happened, the Japanese attack Pearl
(03:41):
Harbor by surprise. I didn't know what's coming, and Michael
Bay ultimately made a pretty bad movie about it. I
actually went to see that and left after the attack,
just because that's you know, that's what I was there for.
I didn't need to see the love story attached, all right.
Moving on, President F. D. R at the time said, uh,
(04:02):
we're gonna relocate about a hundred thousand Japanese and Japanese
Americans put him in uh what he called concentration camps. Yeah,
which he wouldn't use that term today for these now
they're they're associated with Nazis exactly. And Jane mcgrathroy wrote,
this went to a lot of length to um to
differentiate the two a little unnecessarily. I mean, I don't
(04:24):
think anyone thought of them as the same thing. It
was a fine article, Jane, it was, But that was
not how it started, is it, Josh. He started out
a little slower and it sort of grew from there. Yeah, Well,
there was apparently intelligence that even before the attack on
Pearl Harbor UM in the on the Pacific coast, especially
in areas like San Francisco, Los Angeles, Seattle, there were
(04:47):
UM spy rings of Japanese and Japanese Americans UM being
set up. So right after the attack, UM they rounded
up about fifteen hundred aliens that they suspected of possibly
being engaged in spionage, and not just Japanese, but also
like Italians, Italian Americans, Germans and German Americans, the people
who brought us some liberty cabbage and stuff like that.
(05:11):
All right, so he reviews these people, finds out what
they're all about. He hasn't paraded in front of his desk,
and he's like that guy looks okay, not that one.
Well that's sort of what happened. And uh, some of
the aliens were released and some were sent to temporary
detention camps. Canada. If you think you're off the hook,
you're not, yeah, because you did the same thing. Yeah,
(05:32):
twenty thousand people UM. And I wonder how much how
much of that had to do with Canada UM bowing
to pressure from the US. I wonder. I wonder which
makes it even more shameful on us on both parties.
But so a couple of months after Pearl Harbor, and
this was I guess after the review of right, Yes,
(05:55):
that's when he issued the Executive Order nine zero six six,
which gave the military the power to create zones. And
what it says here is zones in which any or
all persons may be excluded. So that means they did
it like really indirectly. That's what I thought. They basically said, like,
you can't live here, you can't own property here at
(06:19):
the very least, you can't be here right now, but
you happen to live here. The military has designated this
like as an exclusionary zone, but we have this free
housing over here that you can come take advantage of um.
And I think that's how it was kind of sould
at first, But it became very obvious that the Japanese
(06:41):
didn't have a choice in moving to these camps. That's
the impression I have. That's the impression I have too,
So let's let's talk about them. They set up first
assembly Areas, which were temporary camps from February until the summer. Right,
first generation and second generation Japanese Americans, you say, which
is first generation, and Nissa which is second generation. And
(07:02):
they actually got folks from both coasts, although it was
largely West coast. It was almost Yeah, it was mostly
West coast because that's much closer to Japan than the
East coast, of course, and that's what the intel supposedly
said that they were living anyway, and they were also
I saw a government propaganda film from when they started this.
(07:22):
Camps were being built, so it would have been made
in like nineteen and Um. Basically they were they were
saying like we just you know, there's just too many
Japanese and these you know, large populations, they're not spread
out because they left people alone in Atlanta and Dallas
and New York generally, Um, because they were diffuse. Uh.
(07:45):
One of the reasons they went after the West coast
because they were huge concentrations of Japanese Americans and Japanese
that they were just worried about, you know, them coming
up with problems. That's what the propaganda film said. If
they said problems, they didn't say problems. That was what
they're conveying. One of the problems here with how this
(08:07):
went down was they only got a couple of weeks. Notice,
at most they had to leave their homes with whatever
they could carry and go to these assembly centers. Can I, um,
can I tell you one more thing from the propaganda film,
So when they're for they show them putting up signs
that might as well say like you didn't get out.
It was basically like if you're if you are Japanese
(08:30):
or second generation Japanese, you you can't be here. You
have to go meet here at this time and we'll
process you. And basically processing meant here are some government
enlisted lawyers and they're going to um they're going to
help you basically sell your home and business and whatever
(08:51):
for a loss. In most cases, you don't have a choice.
Now did they force all that or strongly encourage them
as far as like selling their they forced it. But
the propaganda film, which I recommend anybody seeing, I cant
remera what it's called. But um, it's only like ten
minutes long, but man, they pack a lot into it.
They say like the Japanese and Japanese Americans are happy
(09:11):
to help out. They're happy to prove their loyalty. Basically
they're doing their part by getting off of the West Coast.
That's how this propaganda film made. It seems very interesting.
But yeah, a lot of them were forced to sell
their stuff, often less than market value, right, So they're
starting off on a bad note to begin with. And
this is just what the temporary housing. Then in UH
(09:34):
late summer they had finally set up ten of these
internment camps ready open for business. The w r A,
the War Relocation Authority UH put up places in California, Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Utah, Wyoming, Arkansas,
and it gets Hawaii. In Hawaii, even though that didn't
make this list. Sand Island, Sand Island, and they were guarded,
(09:58):
they were bar wired, they had hospitals, they had basically
everything you need to live, schools, little forms of government. Yeah,
there was no UM, there was no Basically they put
them in the in the camps, guarded them so they
couldn't they weren't allowed to leave or um come in
and out freely. But inside the camps that was up
(10:21):
to the Japanese to form their own democratic self government.
And they did this kind of like block captains and
things like that. Subpark conditions. Yeah, definitely, even the w
r A said that at the time, UH kind of
like army barracks. One family per room. You got you caught,
You got your mattress, you got a stove in a light,
you got some blankets. Right. The problem was, or one
(10:43):
of the problems was that these barracks, let's say there
were five apartments in the barracks, they were separated by
four walls, and the walls didn't go all the way
to the ceiling. So there was like no privacy in
a very private culture. Oh yeah, sure, So they started
wrecking their cultural heritage off the bat basically much uh,
public laundry, public bathroom facilities, mess hall. So they got
(11:06):
a small allowance of money foreclose personal expenditures and the like,
but it was pretty dang low. Um. And so if
they wanted a more comfortable life in there, they would
dip into your personal savings. Right. So that started wrecking
them on the financial front as well. Yeah, and the
low wages also, um had a strange indirect effect Chuck,
(11:30):
And that Um, the parents and the kids who were
old enough to work, we're making the same amount of money. Yeah.
One of the things that you know, one of the
ways parents exert controller of their children is like, I
make more than yeah, not, we make the exact same
amount of money. So that wrecked the family home front
a little bit more. It definitely eroded authority among parents.
(11:52):
And you know, I mentioned that they could dip into
their savings. Not the case with um first generation Japanese
because their assets were actually frozen, so they didn't have
the option to spend their own money. But you say
that they earned and put in the bank, right, Okay,
So like you said, they tried their best to do
normal things set up like baseball leagues. Evidently the Japanese
(12:15):
love baseball. Yeah. I saw a m I saw an
art um exhibit at a Smithsonian why was the Renwick
Gallery in DC, and they had um. It was called
Garmin the Art of the Internment camps. And a couple
of things they had were some like handmade baseball jerseys
(12:36):
for the leagues that they set up there. Yeah, that's
pretty cool. It was very cool. There's a lot of
really interesting stuff that bet is that was that still
on display right now or it just ended January? I
looked it out. I was gonna tell everybody to go
everyone in d C at least, Well, I bet it'll
set up somewhere else, So keep it out for it
fingers cross. Um. One of the other ways that sort
of wrecked the cultural family front was that Japanese traditionally
(12:59):
eate together as family family time, meal time, and now
that uh, the little boys and girls were living close
to their friends, they like, we're really hot to go
over and eat dinner with their friends. So that fractured
the family even more. Yeah. Plus, also, if you didn't
want people to know you were arguing with your wife,
you better not do it in the barracks, because again,
the walls didn't go all the way to the top.
(13:21):
That's right. Um, there's just a lot more insight into
your neighbors private life than than the Japanese were ever
comfortable with. Yeah. I don't think any culture would be
fully comfortable with those conditions. I agree. But yeah, so
let's move forward to three when the w r A says,
(13:41):
you know what, maybe we should let some of these
folks out to go to school and work, and let's
make a questionnaire and base their release on this the
results of this. Yeah, so you have that questionnaire, Well,
there's there's a lot of personal information, like, um, you
know where are you're born? Uh, can you give five
(14:01):
character references, five work references, and there's some other kind
of odd questions like, UM, name some newspapers that you
subscribe to a regularly read UM, what are your hobbies
and interests? Uh? Would you volunteer for the Army Nurse Corps?
Would you denot's there for Japan? What are some other
(14:21):
hobbies of your interests to you? They just slipped that
denouncing emperor of Japan in there, Yeah, and a lot
of people hopped at this opportunity. They saw what it
was and they said, sure totally. All I'm an American
citizen anyway, So yeah, that's fine, I'll denounced the Emperor
of Japan. One thing we I don't think we really
touched on, Chuck. There was a hundred and twelve thousand
(14:43):
people who were relocated to these internment camps. Seven thousand
of them were, no doubt about it, American citizens. UM.
So yeah, there are a lot of people who were
happy to sign this UM pledge of allegiance basically or
pledge of loyalty, and those who did were released. There
are a lot of people who took it the opposite way. Well,
(15:04):
they were released just to go to work in school
at the time, right, they weren't released released, were they
I think, Uh yeah, I think that that did gain
them early release or release before other people. UM. Yeah,
well I think they were allowed to leave for work
or school, but they weren't like released release at that
time at least okay. UM. There were some other people
who took great offense to these questionnaires UM and refused
(15:28):
to sign them. And there was actually a big protest
at tool Lake. UM. And even if they were citizens,
American citizens refused to Yeah, there are actually people who
renounced their citizenship in the face of being forced to
sign this loyalty oath on top of already being a citizen.
So they actually verbally renounced their citizenship. At tool Lake
(15:49):
there was a mass protest UM. And there was a
guy named Jimmy Americatani who had a pretty cool UM
documentary made about him, Cat the Cats Americatani. He was
at tool Lake, he denounced the citizenship. UM. He was
finally released from the camps when they were closed uh
and basically went to be homeless. And he didn't realize
(16:10):
that his citizenship had been restored in nineteen fifty nine,
and as recently as like two thousand two, he still
thought he was like an illegal alien living on the streets,
almost like a Japanese drags kind of. Yeah. Yeah, he
was like, that's exactly what he was, like, was a
Japanese straggler of the camps. Basically. Wow. Yeah, it's really interesting.
It's it's worth seeing. But I love it. He state
(16:31):
in the United States in New York. He's actually he
was a master artist. He was really good. Yeah, you
should check it out. Well. But yeah, most if not
all of the people who were in this protest at
tool Lake and renounced their citizenship. Um. There was this
one lawyer who went back and said, dude, they did
this under durest. It shouldn't have been in the camps
in the first place. Let's restore their citizenship. And I
(16:52):
think most, if not all, had their citizenship restored years later. Yeah, alright, Josh,
let's go to ninety four December. Uh, this finally comes
to an end after a lot of public outcry. Uh,
they were allowed to leave, Um, but they couldn't exactly
just jump back into their regular life in many cases
because a lot of times their business or property was
(17:14):
taken over or neglected in shambles. At this point, and
an alarming amount of money. Yeah, four hundred million dollars
in financial losses by the Japanese internees in two thousand nine.
That's about five point two billion, but I think lower
now because I looked up at different calculator. It's at
(17:35):
four point eight So maybe it went down since two
thousand nine. Deflation. Deflation good? So what was what's the
problem here? Why is this a big deal? Why should
I care? Is this constitutional? Well? Yeah it is. It
was extremely unconstitutional. UM A panel later found out right,
(17:57):
And of course I was being facetious with that. By
the way of UM, there was this girl named mits
Sue Endo who was a twenty two year old. She
was born and raised in Sacramento. UM had never been
to Japan, couldn't. I don't think she could speak or
read Japanese. And she was interned at one of these
camps UM and she basically appealed. She she appealed for
(18:22):
a writ of habeas corpus we've talked about before. It
got denied. She started appealing up to the Supreme Court.
Supreme Court got ahold of it and was like, this
woman should be granted unconditional release immediately. And that opened
the floodgates for every other US citizen who was intern
there UM. And then eventually that couple with the popular
(18:42):
outcry against it because people even while it was going on,
Americans everyday, Americans who were saying, this is horribly wrong. Yeah,
it was pretty controversial. And so finally, even before the
war ended, the camps were shut down. But this wasn't
before some people died. Oh are you talking about the
on the island. That's different, but we can talk about that. Well,
(19:06):
let's talk about both. At the UM the art exhibit
I was telling you about the Renwick Gallery, there was
this guy UM named Shura Obada and he did some
really cool ink illustrations. But one of the ones he
did was an old man doubled over and there's a
dog nearby, and there's the fence and then the mountains
in the background. And if you read the caption beneath
(19:28):
the explanation, it's of an actual event that took place UM.
An old man who was deaf was chasing a stray dog,
trying to catch it, and apparently a guard was shouting
at him forgetting to get away from the fence. Old
man was deaf, didn't hear it. The guard shot him
to death. This is in one of the camps. Yeah,
and I mean, like if this is unconstitutional, it never
(19:49):
should have happened, then just that alone is makes it horrific,
you know. But then there are a lot of other
people who who died of um, just deplorable conditions in
the Aleutian Islands, right, Yeah, I mean it wasn't just
rounded up in the United States, as we found out
when we read this, Uh, Japan was apparently we got
(20:13):
word that Japan was going to attack the Aleutian Islands
Kiska and A two, so before they did so, we said,
let's get in there and round up Ah, I guess
is it was it locals, Yeah, the Nihan, the Unan Gas,
Union Gas, un Gas. Yeah. I don't understand is why.
(20:35):
I mean, they weren't Japanese American, they weren't American. Why
did we round them up for their own protection? Supposedly? Well,
I think not even supposedly. I think that was the
whole thing, that that we were pretty sure the Japanese
were going to capture this island, which they did, so
we were we evacuated them from their home. Okay, Well,
sadly what happened though was eighty one of these uh
(20:56):
unan Gas were rounded up and they saw U servicemen
burning their houses and their villages down, so the Japanese
couldn't use them. So the Japanese couln't use them, and
that that that was just when they were setting sail
for their new home, where like, you can't stay here,
and we're gonna take you someplace where a lot of
you are gonna die, okay, So they took them um
(21:16):
further into Alaska and basically used an old fish canary,
uh an old fish salting place, herring salterry, and then
UH an old mine of some sort, gold mine camp.
That was like riding out that these were the temporary
quarters for these people. And um out of eight one
chuck four people died of things like um consumption, UH
(21:41):
the damp TB which are all I think the same thing. Well,
they didn't have plumbing, they didn't have electricity, they had
no toilets, they didn't have the food was poor, they
didn't have winter clothes, and the water was tainted. And
this is where they sent them. Yeah, unbelievable. So the
inning Gecks basically said, okay, well, we're just gonna take
matters into our own hands. They built themselves, their own quarters,
(22:04):
they raised the church there. They it was pretty inspiring.
And again this one wasn't like interment against I guess
it was against their will, but it was supposedly for
their own safety. Well that's what they said about the
Japanese Americans too, we should point out, right, And we
should also say, well, let's talk about that panel in
ninety eight that found that that was not the case
(22:25):
at all. Yeah. Well, before we move on, though, we
should say that the union, the Union gacks twenty five
of the men actually joined the American Armed Forces. Despite
the fact that they were rounded up and putting these
camps and some of them died, they still supported America
to the extent that they would fight and died for
the country. Pretty amazing, is very amazing. All right. So
(22:45):
now we flashed forward once again through our little time
machine to when redressed payments. Uh, we're basically on the table. Right.
In nineteen eighty, Congress created um the Commission on Wartime
Relocation in Kerman of civilians, and they came to their
decision in nine right, and their decision or their judgment
(23:06):
on whether or not I was constitutional or what was
the motivation behind it was that it was racism, pure
and simple racism in wartime hysteria, right, um. And basically
they said, yes, there was evidence that, um, there was
espionage networks on the West Coast among Japanese and Japanese Americans,
(23:27):
but the people who were calling the shots about interment
didn't know that at the time. So we owe these
people a lot of money? Is what they came up with?
How much was it in reparation? So I got some
stats for you. Eighty two thousand, two hundred and ten
people got paid twenty thousand apiece. Now, remember when I
(23:47):
said that the financial losses, um, let's go back to
at least because that's when they were paid. That would
have been two point six billion dollars lost. One point
two billion was paid out, so less than half of
what they lost they ended up getting back. So in
other words, the twenty grand didn't cover you know, squad
didn't course squad. And in n the SIP Civil Liberties
(24:13):
Act was put into effect. They released another four hundred
thousand for payments. And part of the deal then was
and I think this was the first Bush signed, this
one ten the ten in tournament sites were made historical
landmarks and in the official apology. Um. That was part
of the deal. Um was the money an official apology
(24:36):
and then funds for an educational foundation. This is what
they wanted, they got it. Who Yeah, well, I wish
I could say that's a happy ending. I think probably
the better legacy of it, though, is that we very
sadly learned a really hard lesson, and that is that
we can't get swept up in racial hysteria and profiling
(25:00):
among our citizens. Um. Yeah, in the midst of an emergency,
and I think that Um. I wonder if that helped
calm people keep heads cooler. Following nine eleven. Yeah. I know.
One thing though, is that they never found any Japanese
(25:20):
American guilty of espionage in World War Two. There you
have it, Yeah, there you have it. Japanese internment camps
probably one located near you, especially if you live in
the Western States or Arkansas or on Sand Island in
Oahu right, um, or if you've ever been in Santa
Anita race track I have that was an assembly camp?
(25:43):
Was it really? Wow? Yeah? I want some money on
some ponies there one time. Oh, there were Japanese people
who were kept there against their will. I didn't know
that that's true. If you want to learn more about
Japanese internment camps, type in interment I and E R
N M E N T in the search part How
(26:03):
stuff works dot com. That means it's time for a
listener mail. All right, Josh, we're gonna catch people up
on our our sergeant John Walker. Oh yeah, because we did.
We did all this on Facebook, but we didn't really
do it on the show, so many people might not
know that, Uh, staff Sergeant Walker was shot in the
(26:24):
line of duty in Afghanistan pretty severely. Was not a
flesh wound as they say. And I won't get into
the details of how that went down. We'll pick up
afterward with this email. Guys. The first couple of days
after I was in my own coma from shell shock
and a concussion, doctors put me on heavy meds due
(26:45):
to surgeries in the pain. When they went to test
my brain functions on the Wonder machine due to the meds,
it basically showed me as brain dead as my body
was not reacting to the stimuli. Uh, don't worry, folks,
he's clearly writing his emails, so things turned out okay.
Which we're getting too. After I was out of the coma,
I was in too much pain, so they put me
in a medically induced comma, which basically meant just more meds. Afterwards,
(27:07):
they tested the d m R. I again showed some problems,
but they said it was only temporary. Um Through this all,
my brother in law sent me to your Facebook page,
and if you remember, I posted this, lots of people
logged on, and regardless of political affiliation and how they
feel about the war, there were very concerned about Walker,
which is pretty cool. I was not able to finish
reading the comments on the post you guys made. I
(27:29):
kept tearing up from all the heartwarming comments from the
strangers who didn't even know me. It's really nice of
you guys to do this, plus really nice of everyone
who posted. I found it very kind that people posted
outside of that post and kept asking for updates. Uh So,
moving on, He's in the States now, recovering pretty well.
He has just been promoted again from staff sergeant all
(27:52):
the way to sergeant major and he says he will
be promoted to second lieutenant and will receive the Purple
Heart the Army dis e Whig Service Cross the Soldiers Medal,
Army con Commendation Medal, Army Achievement Medal, Army and Air
Force Presidential Unit Citation, Army Good Conduct Medal, Army Service Ribbon,
Army Overseas Service Ribbon, National Defense Service Medal. So he's
(28:16):
getting loaded up on his chest here for being shot exactly.
Been placed on medical leave. My family wants me to
discharge as this is my fourth stint, but I will
not do it. There's danger out there and people need protection.
I will be providing protection. I plan on one more
tour and then after the Army, I planned to join
law enforcement. So he's doing awesome. He's on the Facebook
(28:38):
page a lot. He if you remember from many months ago,
he was the one who was teaching English uh to
the kids who spoke Farsie through our podcast and he
said a lot of these children from the school came
and visited him and the hospital and made him cards
and stuff and so pretty cool story. That is a
great story. So we just want to catch everyone else
(29:00):
out there who's not on the Facebook page up. He's
all over the place too. He's on Twitter as well,
and he started actually a stuff you should Know Army
page on Facebook. Facebook as well. Yeah, he's he's poaching
our peeps. Know he's a good guy. Yes, he is
a very good guy. Thank you for keeping us up
to date. Sorry stuff, Sergeant Walker. Um, and we're glad
you pulled through, Sergeant Major. Thank you for keeping us
(29:23):
up to date, Sergeant Major Walker, And we're glad you
pulled through. We were worried there for a little while,
weren't we. It's pretty scary. It was like right around
Christmas for years now, it was after and his brother
in law was emailing me this stuff, saying like, we
don't know if he's going to make it. At one point, Yeah,
it was scary. It was. Well, we're glad he's fine, Um, right, recovering. Yes, Uh,
(29:45):
it's pretty bleak outside still these days, chuck. So let's
get some nice beach stories. Yeah, if you have a
great story that takes place on the beach, we want
to hear it. Send it to us in an email
at stuff podcast at how stuff works dot com. For
more on this and thousands of other topics, is it
(30:07):
how stuff works dot com. To learn more about the podcast,
click on the podcast icon in the upper right corner
of our homepage. The How Stuff Works iPhone app has arrived.
Download it today on iTunes m Brought to you by
the reinvented two thousand twelve camera. It's ready, are you
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Josh Clark
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