February 28, 2024 • 36 mins
Step into the shadowed halls of history as we uncover the astounding legacy of Ivan the Terrible, a name that still resonates with the echo of his iron will and the blood of his reign. You're about to discover how the awe-inspiring and fear-inducing Russian Tsar reshaped a nation with a vision both grand and gruesome. In 1560, within the Kremlin's mighty walls, we probe the depths of Ivan's character—from his ominous title 'Grosny' to the early betrayals that sculpted his merciless resolve. We scrutinize his dual legacy as a brutal sovereign and an ambitious state-builder, revealing a multifaceted ruler whose imprint on Russia's global standing is undeniable.
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Episode Transcript
Available transcripts are automatically generated. Complete accuracy is not guaranteed.
Speaker 1 (00:06):
Welcome to Double Helix Blueprint of Nations,
season 1, episode 7, lights andShadows.
Ivan the Terrible's Ring, theKremlin, moscow 1560.
(00:32):
It is the height of Ivan'spower and the Kremlin pulses
with an air of trepidation.
Inside the grand halls of power, whispers of intrigue
intertwine with dissent ofincense as the courtiers and
advisors tread carefully in thepresence of their formidable
ruler.
The center overall sits Ivan.
(00:54):
His gaze, piercing like theedge of a blade, is the meaner,
both regal and menacing.
He is surrounded by a retinueof loyalists and enforcers, his
every word laden with the weightof absolute authority.
On this day, ivan has summonedthe Boyars, the noble elite of
(01:15):
Russia, to answer for theirperceived transgressions.
Against the crowd, the aircrackles with tension as they
await their fate, one full wellthe capricious nature of their
sovereign.
Suddenly, the silence isshattered by the sounds of
Ivan's voice, cold andcommanding.
Before the eyes of the court,ivan delivers his judgment with
(01:39):
ruthless precision, condemningthe hapless noblemen and their
entire families to exile.
A decade that follows would see10,000 of them murdered by the
secret police, the fearsome orprashniki.
His decree echoes through thehalls of the Kremlin, a chilling
reminder of the consequences ofcrossing the path of the
(02:02):
terrible Tsar.
This is the essence of Ivan theTerrible, a man whose reign
shaped the destiny of a nationwhose shadow still looms large
over the pages of history.
(02:26):
Today, we embark on a journeythrough the tumultuous era of
Tsar Ivan IV of Russia,immortalized in history as Ivan
the Terrible.
His reign captivates historiansand scholars alike, not solely
for the intensity of hischaracter, but for the mark he
left on the fabric of theRussian state and its citizens.
As we navigate through theintricate tapestry of legend and
(02:50):
historical fact, we aim touncover the true essence of the
man behind the formidable titleand examine the enduring legacy
that shapes Russia'sself-perception and its standing
on the global stage.
This is the complex narrativeof a ruler whose life and
policies continue to resonatethrough the quarters of time,
influencing how Russia navigatesits future, while anchored to a
(03:13):
past filled with both glory andshadow.
The moniker Ivan the Terribleconjures images of ruthless
tyranny, painting a picture of amonarch whose reign was marked
by sheer brutality.
However, the translation ofGrosny from the Russian to
Terrible in English doesn'tfully capture the essence of the
(03:34):
title.
Grosny more accurately meansformidable or awe-inspiring
nuances that shed light on IvanIV as a more complex figure than
the label might suggest, ivanwas a Tsar who sought not only
to govern but to command respectand instill fear, aiming to
(03:55):
leave a mark on the Russianpsyche.
His actions, though often harshand unforgiving, were driven by
a vision to fortify the Russianstate, bolstering its resilience
against the chaos on internalconflict and the limiting
threats of external invasion.
This nuanced perspectiveinvites us to consider Ivan
(04:15):
beyond the binary of tyrantversus benign ruler.
He emerges as a figure whosepolicies, while undeniably
severe, ruthless andbloodthirsty, were intricately
tied to the geopolitical anddomestic challenges of his time.
Ivan's rule was characterizedby an attempt to centralize
power and reinforce theauthority of the Tsar, striving
(04:38):
to unify a vast and diverserealm under a single,
indomitable will.
In evaluating Ivan's legacy, itbecomes essential to navigate
the complexities of hismotivations and the context
within which he ruled.
His efforts to strengthen theRussian state and his desire to
be both revered and fearedhighlight a sovereign who was as
(05:02):
much a product of hisenvironment as he was a shaper
of his nation's destiny.
Ivan the Terrible, in all hiscontradictions, remains a figure
of immense historicalsignificance, embodying the
tensions and aspirations of anera that continue to fascinate
and provoke debate.
(05:25):
Ivan Vasilyevich was born August25, 1530, within what was then
the Great Duchy of Moscow.
His father was Vasily III andhe was the Grand Prince of
Moscow.
When Vasily died, when Ivan wasonly three years old, he left
him as ruler of the Grand Duchy,by then a somewhat
(05:46):
insignificant state nestledwithin the great vastness of the
Russian landmass.
From an early age, young Ivanwatched as the boyars, the noble
elite of the estate, foughtover control of the regency,
possibly poisoning his mother in1538.
Ivan learned to hate the boyarswho mistreated him and his
(06:08):
brother.
In the early years, ivan issaid to have remarked that he
had been treated as a vagrant,lacking proper clothing and food
, suffering neglect.
His lights against the futureTsar would come to be sorely
regretted by the boyars over thecoming decades.
There is a possibility thatthis all was propaganda after
(06:29):
the fact, aimed at giving Ivan'slater actions against the
boyars a sense of nobility andjustification.
But more on that later, ivan IVascended to the Russian throne
in 1547, a mere youth at the ageof 16.
Fearing on the footsteps of hisgrandfather, ivan III, ivan
(06:51):
became sorry to hold Russia.
Sending a strong message meantto signal intent to his peers
and enemies, ivan was ready toassume command over all of
Russia and not confine himselfto the Grand Duchy of Moscow, as
had been the case with most ofhis predecessors.
By the time of his coronation,ivan was more than ready to
(07:12):
impose his vision upon Russia.
His ambition was not merely torule, but to transform his
country into a centralized,formidable state that could
stand on par with the greatpowers of Europe.
The young Tsar set about hismonumental task with a series of
reforms aimed at strengtheningthe Crown's authority over the
(07:32):
vast and fractious Russian lands.
One of Ivan's first acts asTsar was to convene the
Semsky-Sabor, a grand assemblyof clergy, nobility and
commoners, to discuss andaddress the state's affairs.
It was Russia's first attemptat having a parliamentary system
.
This move was not onlyinnovative, illustrating his
(07:56):
willingness to include varioussocial classes and governance,
but it also served toconsolidate his power by
directly involving him in thelegislative process.
The legal reforms under Ivan IVwere particularly notable.
In 1550, the Sudepnik, a legalcode, was a landmark in the
(08:16):
Tsar's efforts to centralizeauthority and streamline
governance.
It expanded the rights of thelower classes, limited the
powers of the boyars andintroduced more standardized
legal processes across Russianterritory.
These reforms were crucial inlaying the groundwork for a more
unified Russian state, settinga precedent for the
(08:37):
centralization of power thatwould characterize Russian
governance for centuries to come.
But Ivan's reign was not solelyfocused on administrative
reforms.
He also sought to expandRussian territory, embarking on
campaigns that would see theannexation of vast new lands.
The conquests of the Canades ofKazan and Astrakhan were
(09:00):
particularly significant,breaking the power of the Tatar
Mongols over Russia and openingthe way to Siberia.
These victories not onlyextended Russia's borders, but
also secured his people from theraids that had plagued the
Russian countryside forcenturies.
The initial years of Ivan IV'srule over Russia were marked by
(09:20):
a period of relative harmony andprogressive momentum.
Known for his dynamism andforward-thinking approach, ivan
embarked on a mission toimplement substantial reforms
aimed at modernizing the nationand consolidating its power.
His early reign showcased aruler invested in the welfare
and advancement of his kingdomand botting the trades of an
(09:41):
enlightened leader.
However, the trajectory ofIvan's reign and his personal
life was dramatically altered bya severe illness in 1553, which
brought him to the brink ofdeath.
In this moment of vulnerability, ivan sought to secure the
future of his dynasty byrequesting his boyars and
closest advisors to pledge theirloyalty to his infant son.
(10:03):
This was a crucial test oftheir fidelity, the stability of
the realm hanging in thebalance.
The boyars, however, saw anopportunity in the Tsar's dire
state anticipating the end ofhis rule.
They refused to swear the oath,a decision they would come to
regret profoundly.
(10:24):
Ivan's unexpected recoverymarked a pivotal moment in
Russian history.
His resurgence from illness wasnot just a personal victory
over death, but a catalyst for aprofound transformation in his
governance and relationshipswith the nobility and the clergy
.
The boyars' refusal to supporthis son in his time of need was
(10:44):
perceived as a great betrayal, abreach of trust that Ivan could
not overlook.
The aftermath of this incidentunleashed a wave of brutal
reprisals against those who hadto fight him.
Ivan's actions following hisrecovery were not merely
punitive.
They signified a deeper shiftin his rule.
A line had been crossed, andthe Tsar's response was swift
(11:08):
and merciless.
This period marked thebeginning of a more autocratic
and tyrannical governance style,characterized by severe
measures against the perceiveddisloyalty and the opposition of
others.
The refusal of the boyars topledge allegiance to Ivan's son
underlined their underestimationof the Tsar's resilience and
resolve.
(11:29):
This miscalculation hadfar-reaching consequences,
propelling Ivan towards a moreoppressive rule.
It underscored the fragilenature of trust and loyalty in
the volatile political landscapeof the time, setting the stage
for a reign that would becomeincreasingly defined by fear,
suspicion and the ruthlesssuppression of dissent.
(11:51):
Ivan's recovery and subsequentactions against the boyars and
the clergy underscored atransformative period in Russian
history, held in a new era ofgovernance marked by intensified
centralization of power and thestark assertion of the Tsar's
will.
(12:12):
The 1560s, where our story began, ushered in a period of
profound adversity for Russia,catalyzing a seismic shift in
Ivan IV's governance approach.
The nation grappled with alitany of calamities severe
droughts and ensuing faminesravaged the land, while military
endeavors against the polishedLithuanian Commonwealth
(12:33):
floundered Concurrently.
Tartar incursions wreaked havocand maritime trade suffered
under blockades enforced by theSwedes and the Poles and the
Hanseatic League.
The scoffluence of crisesbesieged Russia, straining its
resources and morale Amongst itsnational tribulations.
Ivan faced profound personalloss.
(12:55):
In 1560, his beloved first wife, anastasia Romanova, passed
away under mysteriouscircumstances, with suspicions
of poisoning swirling under herown timely demise.
Anastasia's death inflicted adeep wound on Ivan, profoundly
impacting his emotionalwell-being and possibly
(13:15):
precipitating a decline in hismental health.
Her loss was not merely apersonal blow but a
destabilizing factor for Ivan'spsyche, altering his demeanor
and approach to rule.
Compounding this hardships, abetrayal within his inner circle
added to Ivan's growingmistrust in the solutionment.
Prince Andrei Kursky, one ofIvan's trusted advisors,
(13:39):
defected to the Lithuanians,assuming command of their forces
and leading a devastatingassault on the Russian region of
Beliki.
Luki.
Kursky's betrayal was a starkmanifestation of the treachery
Ivan feared, reinforcing hisparanoia towards an ability
Faced with challenges within andoutside of Russia.
(14:02):
Ivan saw an opportunity toconsolidate power within himself
once and for all.
In 1564, he retreated fromMoscow and feigned dismay at
being implicated in anembezzlement scandal and
abdicated to Trump.
The boyars, unable to maintainrule in such a chaotic time,
valented and begged him to comeback.
(14:24):
Ivan agreed, but only in onecondition absolute power.
Upon his return, ivan decreedthe creation of Oprishnina.
At its core, the Oprishnina wasa policy of strategic division
(14:45):
within the Russia state, wherebyIvan created a separate
authority under his directcontrol, known as the Oprishnina
, distinct from the rest of thestate, the Semshnina.
This division allowed Ivan towield unrestrained power within
the Oprishnina, enabling him todirectly manage lands, appoint
his officials and deploy hisOprishniki, a fearsome personal
(15:09):
guard dedicated to executing theTsar's will.
The Oprishnina era was marked bya campaign of terror that
included mass repression,widespread confiscation of
property and public executions.
His primary objective was theelimination of any perceived
enemies of the state, which, inIvan's view, predominantly
(15:30):
included the boyar and ability,wealthy merchants and even the
clergy, whom he suspected ofdisloyalty or treason, for the
reasons we discussed before.
Under the guise of rooting outtreason and safeguarding the
state, ivan's Oprishniki carriedout a series of brutal purges,
raising entire towns and regionssuspected of disloyalty.
(15:52):
The most infamous of thesepurges was the massacre of
Novgorod in 1570, which remainsa stark symbol of the
Oprishnina's cruelty.
Ivan became convinced that theprosperous city of Novgorod,
known for its significantauthority and wealth, was
planning to defect to Paul andLithuania, his arch enemy Driven
(16:16):
by Pyronoia and hisdetermination to quash potential
rebellion, ivan ordered hisOprishniki to march on Novgorod.
Upon their arrival, theOprishniki unleashed a campaign
of unfathomable cruelty.
The massacre began with theexecution of leading boyars,
merchants and clergy, whom Ivanviewed as the primary
(16:36):
conspirators, but the violencequickly spiraled out of control,
extending to ordinary citizens.
Men, women and children weresubjected to torture and
execution, with estimates of thedead ranging from several
thousands to tens of thousands,but the exact numbers remain a
matter of historical debate.
The Oprishniki desecratedsacred sites, including churches
(17:01):
, and looted extensively,stripping Novgorod of his
treasures.
The city's renowned SaintSophia Cathedral witnessed
scenes of horror, as many weredrowned in the nearby Volkov
River, a grim testament to thebrutality of the campaign.
The massacre of Novgorod was notjust a military operation but a
(17:22):
deliberate act of terrordesigned to instill fear and
demonstrate the consequences ofopposing Ivan's rule.
It significantly weakenedNovgorod's political and
economic standing, marking theend of its era as a major center
of commerce and autonomy withinRussia.
The tragic event underscoredthe destructive impact of the
(17:43):
Oprishniki policy, revealing thedepth of Ivan's paranoia and
his disregard for human life, inpursuit of absolute control.
The massacre of Novgorod left ascar on the Russian
consciousness, serving as a grimreminder of the tyranny that
characterized Ivan theTerrible's reign.
The Uprishtnina policy not onlyfacilitated Ivan's grip on
(18:12):
power, but also instilled theclimate of fear and suspicion
that permeated Russian society.
It reflected Ivan's deep-seatedparanoia and his relentless
pursuit of absolute control,dramatically altering the
landscape of Russian governanceand setting a precedent for the
use of terror as a state policy.
In sum, the Uprishtnina was apivotal element of Ivan the
(18:36):
Terrible's reign, encapsulatingthis transition from a ruler to
a tyrant Ivan the Terrible'snotorious policy of state terror
and control began to unravel inthe years following the brutal
attack of Novgorov.
Although the Uprishtnina hadbeen an effective tool for Ivan
(18:59):
to exert his authority andsuppress dissent, his
effectiveness and sustainabilitywere put to the test during the
Russo-Krimian War of 1571through 1572.
The Uprishtnina's downfall wasstarkly highlighted during the
Crimean-Canadians invasion in1571, when the Crimean Tatars,
(19:21):
led by Khandevlet the FirstJirei, launched a devastating
raid into Russian territory,culminating in the burning of
Moscow.
The Uprishtniki, despite theirreputation for ruthlessness and
internal purges, provedineffectual against the
organized military might of theTatars.
Their failure to defend theRussian heartland, especially
(19:43):
Moscow, exposed theUprishtnina's limitation as a
defensive force and diminishedtheir standing on both Ivan's
eyes and among the populace.
Recognizing the Uprishtnina'sshortcomings and perhaps
influence by the mountingcriticism and the dire need to
reassess his military strategies, ivan IV made a decisive move
(20:05):
in 1572 to abolish theUprishtnina system.
The significant policy reversalinvolved disbanding the
Uprishtniki, marking the end ofone of the most feared and
despised chapters in Russiangovernance.
The solution of the Uprishtninareflected a tacit
acknowledgment of his failure tosecure the state against
(20:26):
external threats, despite hisinitial intent as a means to
consolidate autocratic power andeliminate opposition.
The abolition of the Uprishtninasystem and the disbandment of
the Uprishtniki did not, however, erase the scars left by the
reign of terror.
The legacy of Uprishtninacontinued to loom large in
(20:48):
Russian history, serving as acautionary tale about the
dangers of unchecked power andthe volatility of autocratic
rule.
The end of the Uprishtnina alsounderscored a pivotal moment in
Ivan's reign, forcing are-evaluation of his methods of
governance and the realizationthat absolute power cannot
(21:08):
compensate for the weaknessinherent in his rule.
But Ivan's vision for Russiaextended beyond his legal system
and state control.
He was a military innovator,after all, establishing the
Streltsy, russia's firststanding army.
This move not only modernizedhis forces, but also provided
(21:30):
Ivan with a means to exert moreauthority directly, bypassing
the boyars who had so often beenthe architects of his early
miseries.
By the mid-1570s.
Having navigated through thetumultuous period of the
Uprishtnina and reasserted hisauthority over the Russian state
, ivan IV shifted his focustowards external expansion.
(21:54):
His strategy pivot marked a newchapter in his reign,
characterized by militarycampaigns and the initiation of
policies aimed at extendingRussia's frontiers.
Simultaneously, ivan initiatedpolicies that laid the
groundwork for the Russianexploration and settlement of
Siberia.
The conquests of Siberia beganin earnest with the Stroganov
(22:16):
families hiring of Cossackleader Yardmak Timofeevich, who
led an expedition that resultedin the defeat of the candidate
of Sevir in 1582.
This moment marked thebeginning of Russia's eastward
expansion, setting the stage forthe eventual establishment of
the Russian control over thevast Siberian territories.
(22:40):
Ivan remained an iron-fistedruler, undeterred in his
ambition to extend Russianinfluence and control.
His reign continued to becharacterized by an autocratic
governance style, where hisabsolute will was imposed upon
the land and its people.
Ivan's military and territorialexpansions were integral to his
vision of a centralized andpowerful Russian state, a legacy
(23:04):
that would have lasting impactson the country's history.
Ivan's expansionist policiesand military campaigns
contributed significantly to theshaping of the Russian Empire,
laying the foundations for itsemergence as a major duration
power.
Ivan sought to enhance Russia'sgeopolitical standing, but also
(23:26):
to cement his own legacy as aruler who significantly
transformed the Russian state.
Under his rule, russia expandedfrom the minor duchy of Moscow
to the early stages of theexpansive land mass we know
today.
Ivan's reign was not without itsattempts at diplomacy and
(23:48):
cultural exchange.
His correspondence with QueenElizabeth I of England speaks to
his ambition to open Russia tothe West, to engage in the trade
and ideas that flourishedbeyond his realm.
Yet the overtures were oftencomplicated by Ivan's own
actions, his internal policiesand the perception of his rule
(24:08):
abroad.
Despite his notorious legacy asa fearsome autocrat, ivan was
also a man of considerableintellectual and artistic depth.
He is credited with composingseveral orthodox hymns and other
works, showcasing hiscontributions to Russia's
cultural and spiritual heritage.
These artistic endeavorshighlight a lesser-known facet
(24:32):
of Ivan's complex personality,revealing his capacity for
creativity and reflection amidstthe tumult of his reign.
Ivan's personal life was astumultuous as his rule.
He married multiple times, withrecords suggested in six or
possibly eight wives throughouthis lifetime, in his quest for
(24:53):
political alliances, heirs andperhaps companionship.
Each marriage unfolded againstthe backdrop of his governance
and personal vendettas,reflecting the intricate
interplay between his publicduties and private desires.
His reign was also marked byhis significant cultural reforms
(25:13):
aimed at enhancing the state'srole in the lives of his
citizens.
Ivan sought not only toconsolidate political and
military power, but also toelevate the cultural and
spiritual stature of his realm.
Through initiatives such as theestablishment of the Moscow
Print Yard in 1553, whichheralded the advent of printed
(25:34):
books in Russia, ivan endeavoredto enrich the intellectual and
religious fabric of Russiansociety.
However, the darker aspects ofIvan's character and the violent
epoch in which he lived wereepitomized by the tragic
incident involving his son, ivanIvanovich.
In a fit of rage, ivan struckhis son with a pointed staff, a
(25:58):
moment of impulse that resultedin the young man's death.
This act of parasite has beenimmortalized in art and
literature, symbolizing theextreme volatility and brutality
of Ivan's temper.
The incident not only cast along shadow over Ivan's legacy,
but also likely exacerbated hispsychological decline, pushing
(26:20):
him further into realm ofparanoia and attachment from
reality.
The death of his son was aturning point for Ivan,
intensifying his isolation andcontributing to a further
deterioration of his mentalstate.
It underscored the perpetualcycle of violence that
characterized his reign andpersonal life, a cycle that Ivan
(26:41):
seemed unable to escape.
Ivan the Terrible's life andrule were defined by the
interweaving of profound crueltyand notable achievements both
in governance and culture.
His contributions to Russianculture and the Orthodox Church,
juxtaposed with his violentoutbursts and oppressive
(27:01):
policies, been a picture of aruler caught between the desire
for greatness and the depths ofpersonal torment.
Ivan's legacy, therefore, is areflection of the complexities
and contradictions inherent inpower and human nature, leaving
a lasting imprint on Russianhistory and the collective
memory of a nation.
On March 28, 1584, the reign ofIvan IV, known as Ivan the
(27:31):
Terrible, came to a quiet andunexpected end.
The first Tsar of all Russia, aruler whose name evoked fear
and awe in equal measure,succumbed to a stroke while
engaged in the cerebral pastimeof playing chess.
The sudden departure marked ananticlimatic close to a rule
that had been anything butordinary, spanning a tumultuous
(27:54):
and violent's written 37 years.
Ivan's death while playingchess, an activity often
associated with strategy andcontemplation, adds an ironic
layer to the legacy of a monarchwhose rule was characterized by
erratic decision-making, brutalreprisals and sweeping reforms.
(28:14):
It underscored theunpredictability of life and the
fragility of power, joined acurtain on an apoc that had
significantly altered the courseof Russian history.
Under Ivan's rule, russiaexpanded its territories,
centralized its governments andlaid the groundwork for the
modern Russian state.
(28:34):
Yet his reign was also marredby episodes of profound cruelty,
such as the Uprushnina and themassacre of Novgorov, which cast
a long shadow over hisachievements.
Ivan's death signified morethan just the end of a reign and
marked the conclusion of achapter in Russian history
dominated by a figure whosepersonality and policies had
(28:58):
shaped the nation.
His 37 years of rule, conductedwith an iron fist, left a
complex legacy a nation that hadgrown stronger and more
centralized, but had a greatcause to its people and its
moral fabric.
In the aftermath of Ivan'spassing, russia faced a period
of uncertainty and transition,the so-called Time of Troubles,
(29:23):
a tumultuous era marked bypolitical instability.
Famine and foreign interventionwould soon follow, challenging
the foundations that Ivan hadlaid.
Despite the controversysurrounding his reign, ivan the
Terrible remains a pivotalfigure in Russian history.
His death not only brought anend to his direct influence, but
(29:44):
also initiated a period ofreflection in the nature of
absolute power, theresponsibilities of rulership
and the enduring impact of oneman's vision for his country.
Ivan's life and rule continuedto be studied, debated and
remembered as a defining periodin the shaping of the Russian
state.
As we reflect on Ivan's legacy,we're left with a complex
(30:09):
portrait of a ruler who was botha visionary and a tyrant.
His efforts to centralize powerand expand Russian territory
had a lasting impact on thenation, setting the stage for
the autocratic Tsars who wouldfollow in his footsteps.
Yet his reign also left deepscars, scars that have shaped
the Russian psyche and itshistorical narrative.
(30:31):
Despite the fear anddestruction that marked his
later years.
Ivan the Forge's impact onRussia was undeniable.
He left behind a state that wasmore centralized, more powerful
and more expansive than the onehe had inherited.
His reforms laid the foundationfor the Russian Empire, and his
conquest opened new horizonsfor Russian expansion.
(30:54):
Yet the legacy of his rule isalso a testament to the dangers
of absolute power and the deepscars he can leave in a nation's
soul.
Today, ivan the Terribleremains a figure of intense
debate and fascination in Russia.
Monuments and films reflect acertain reverence for his role
in building the Russian state.
(31:14):
Even as historians and thepublic grapple with the darker
aspects of his legacy, what isclear is that Ivan the Forth,
for all his contradictions, wasa pivotal figure in the shaping
of Russia, a Tsar who, throughhis reforms, his cruelty and his
ambition, forever changed thetrajectory of a nation.
(31:44):
Thank you for tuning in totoday's episode.
We hope you found our journeythrough the tumultuous reign of
Ivan the Terrible as fascinatingas we did.
Remember.
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(32:06):
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In our next episode, we'llremain in the vast expanse of
(32:26):
Russia, but leap forward in timeto a pivotal moment in the 20th
century.
Join us as we embark on a trainride from Germany into the
heart of the Tsar's empire witha man who would go on to
transform world history, toexplore the life of Vladimir
Ilych Lenin, his revolutionaryvision and how he changed the
(32:47):
shape of Russia and the world.
Until then, keep exploring withus and let's continue to
uncover the stories that haveshaped our world.
Thanks for listening and we'llsee you next time.
Welcome to Double Helix Blueprint of Nations,
season 1, episode 7, lights andShadows.
Ivan the Terrible's Ring, theKremlin, moscow 1560.
(00:32):
It is the height of Ivan'spower and the Kremlin pulses
with an air of trepidation.
Inside the grand halls of power, whispers of intrigue
intertwine with dissent ofincense as the courtiers and
advisors tread carefully in thepresence of their formidable
ruler.
The center overall sits Ivan.
(00:54):
His gaze, piercing like theedge of a blade, is the meaner,
both regal and menacing.
He is surrounded by a retinueof loyalists and enforcers, his
every word laden with the weightof absolute authority.
On this day, ivan has summonedthe Boyars, the noble elite of
(01:15):
Russia, to answer for theirperceived transgressions.
Against the crowd, the aircrackles with tension as they
await their fate, one full wellthe capricious nature of their
sovereign.
Suddenly, the silence isshattered by the sounds of
Ivan's voice, cold andcommanding.
Before the eyes of the court,ivan delivers his judgment with
(01:39):
ruthless precision, condemningthe hapless noblemen and their
entire families to exile.
A decade that follows would see10,000 of them murdered by the
secret police, the fearsome orprashniki.
His decree echoes through thehalls of the Kremlin, a chilling
reminder of the consequences ofcrossing the path of the
(02:02):
terrible Tsar.
This is the essence of Ivan theTerrible, a man whose reign
shaped the destiny of a nationwhose shadow still looms large
over the pages of history.
(02:26):
Today, we embark on a journeythrough the tumultuous era of
Tsar Ivan IV of Russia,immortalized in history as Ivan
the Terrible.
His reign captivates historiansand scholars alike, not solely
for the intensity of hischaracter, but for the mark he
left on the fabric of theRussian state and its citizens.
As we navigate through theintricate tapestry of legend and
(02:50):
historical fact, we aim touncover the true essence of the
man behind the formidable titleand examine the enduring legacy
that shapes Russia'sself-perception and its standing
on the global stage.
This is the complex narrativeof a ruler whose life and
policies continue to resonatethrough the quarters of time,
influencing how Russia navigatesits future, while anchored to a
(03:13):
past filled with both glory andshadow.
The moniker Ivan the Terribleconjures images of ruthless
tyranny, painting a picture of amonarch whose reign was marked
by sheer brutality.
However, the translation ofGrosny from the Russian to
Terrible in English doesn'tfully capture the essence of the
(03:34):
title.
Grosny more accurately meansformidable or awe-inspiring
nuances that shed light on IvanIV as a more complex figure than
the label might suggest, ivanwas a Tsar who sought not only
to govern but to command respectand instill fear, aiming to
(03:55):
leave a mark on the Russianpsyche.
His actions, though often harshand unforgiving, were driven by
a vision to fortify the Russianstate, bolstering its resilience
against the chaos on internalconflict and the limiting
threats of external invasion.
This nuanced perspectiveinvites us to consider Ivan
(04:15):
beyond the binary of tyrantversus benign ruler.
He emerges as a figure whosepolicies, while undeniably
severe, ruthless andbloodthirsty, were intricately
tied to the geopolitical anddomestic challenges of his time.
Ivan's rule was characterizedby an attempt to centralize
power and reinforce theauthority of the Tsar, striving
(04:38):
to unify a vast and diverserealm under a single,
indomitable will.
In evaluating Ivan's legacy, itbecomes essential to navigate
the complexities of hismotivations and the context
within which he ruled.
His efforts to strengthen theRussian state and his desire to
be both revered and fearedhighlight a sovereign who was as
(05:02):
much a product of hisenvironment as he was a shaper
of his nation's destiny.
Ivan the Terrible, in all hiscontradictions, remains a figure
of immense historicalsignificance, embodying the
tensions and aspirations of anera that continue to fascinate
and provoke debate.
(05:25):
Ivan Vasilyevich was born August25, 1530, within what was then
the Great Duchy of Moscow.
His father was Vasily III andhe was the Grand Prince of
Moscow.
When Vasily died, when Ivan wasonly three years old, he left
him as ruler of the Grand Duchy,by then a somewhat
(05:46):
insignificant state nestledwithin the great vastness of the
Russian landmass.
From an early age, young Ivanwatched as the boyars, the noble
elite of the estate, foughtover control of the regency,
possibly poisoning his mother in1538.
Ivan learned to hate the boyarswho mistreated him and his
(06:08):
brother.
In the early years, ivan issaid to have remarked that he
had been treated as a vagrant,lacking proper clothing and food
, suffering neglect.
His lights against the futureTsar would come to be sorely
regretted by the boyars over thecoming decades.
There is a possibility thatthis all was propaganda after
(06:29):
the fact, aimed at giving Ivan'slater actions against the
boyars a sense of nobility andjustification.
But more on that later, ivan IVascended to the Russian throne
in 1547, a mere youth at the ageof 16.
Fearing on the footsteps of hisgrandfather, ivan III, ivan
(06:51):
became sorry to hold Russia.
Sending a strong message meantto signal intent to his peers
and enemies, ivan was ready toassume command over all of
Russia and not confine himselfto the Grand Duchy of Moscow, as
had been the case with most ofhis predecessors.
By the time of his coronation,ivan was more than ready to
(07:12):
impose his vision upon Russia.
His ambition was not merely torule, but to transform his
country into a centralized,formidable state that could
stand on par with the greatpowers of Europe.
The young Tsar set about hismonumental task with a series of
reforms aimed at strengtheningthe Crown's authority over the
(07:32):
vast and fractious Russian lands.
One of Ivan's first acts asTsar was to convene the
Semsky-Sabor, a grand assemblyof clergy, nobility and
commoners, to discuss andaddress the state's affairs.
It was Russia's first attemptat having a parliamentary system
.
This move was not onlyinnovative, illustrating his
(07:56):
willingness to include varioussocial classes and governance,
but it also served toconsolidate his power by
directly involving him in thelegislative process.
The legal reforms under Ivan IVwere particularly notable.
In 1550, the Sudepnik, a legalcode, was a landmark in the
(08:16):
Tsar's efforts to centralizeauthority and streamline
governance.
It expanded the rights of thelower classes, limited the
powers of the boyars andintroduced more standardized
legal processes across Russianterritory.
These reforms were crucial inlaying the groundwork for a more
unified Russian state, settinga precedent for the
(08:37):
centralization of power thatwould characterize Russian
governance for centuries to come.
But Ivan's reign was not solelyfocused on administrative
reforms.
He also sought to expandRussian territory, embarking on
campaigns that would see theannexation of vast new lands.
The conquests of the Canades ofKazan and Astrakhan were
(09:00):
particularly significant,breaking the power of the Tatar
Mongols over Russia and openingthe way to Siberia.
These victories not onlyextended Russia's borders, but
also secured his people from theraids that had plagued the
Russian countryside forcenturies.
The initial years of Ivan IV'srule over Russia were marked by
(09:20):
a period of relative harmony andprogressive momentum.
Known for his dynamism andforward-thinking approach, ivan
embarked on a mission toimplement substantial reforms
aimed at modernizing the nationand consolidating its power.
His early reign showcased aruler invested in the welfare
and advancement of his kingdomand botting the trades of an
(09:41):
enlightened leader.
However, the trajectory ofIvan's reign and his personal
life was dramatically altered bya severe illness in 1553, which
brought him to the brink ofdeath.
In this moment of vulnerability, ivan sought to secure the
future of his dynasty byrequesting his boyars and
closest advisors to pledge theirloyalty to his infant son.
(10:03):
This was a crucial test oftheir fidelity, the stability of
the realm hanging in thebalance.
The boyars, however, saw anopportunity in the Tsar's dire
state anticipating the end ofhis rule.
They refused to swear the oath,a decision they would come to
regret profoundly.
(10:24):
Ivan's unexpected recoverymarked a pivotal moment in
Russian history.
His resurgence from illness wasnot just a personal victory
over death, but a catalyst for aprofound transformation in his
governance and relationshipswith the nobility and the clergy
.
The boyars' refusal to supporthis son in his time of need was
(10:44):
perceived as a great betrayal, abreach of trust that Ivan could
not overlook.
The aftermath of this incidentunleashed a wave of brutal
reprisals against those who hadto fight him.
Ivan's actions following hisrecovery were not merely
punitive.
They signified a deeper shiftin his rule.
A line had been crossed, andthe Tsar's response was swift
(11:08):
and merciless.
This period marked thebeginning of a more autocratic
and tyrannical governance style,characterized by severe
measures against the perceiveddisloyalty and the opposition of
others.
The refusal of the boyars topledge allegiance to Ivan's son
underlined their underestimationof the Tsar's resilience and
resolve.
(11:29):
This miscalculation hadfar-reaching consequences,
propelling Ivan towards a moreoppressive rule.
It underscored the fragilenature of trust and loyalty in
the volatile political landscapeof the time, setting the stage
for a reign that would becomeincreasingly defined by fear,
suspicion and the ruthlesssuppression of dissent.
(11:51):
Ivan's recovery and subsequentactions against the boyars and
the clergy underscored atransformative period in Russian
history, held in a new era ofgovernance marked by intensified
centralization of power and thestark assertion of the Tsar's
will.
(12:12):
The 1560s, where our story began, ushered in a period of
profound adversity for Russia,catalyzing a seismic shift in
Ivan IV's governance approach.
The nation grappled with alitany of calamities severe
droughts and ensuing faminesravaged the land, while military
endeavors against the polishedLithuanian Commonwealth
(12:33):
floundered Concurrently.
Tartar incursions wreaked havocand maritime trade suffered
under blockades enforced by theSwedes and the Poles and the
Hanseatic League.
The scoffluence of crisesbesieged Russia, straining its
resources and morale Amongst itsnational tribulations.
Ivan faced profound personalloss.
(12:55):
In 1560, his beloved first wife, anastasia Romanova, passed
away under mysteriouscircumstances, with suspicions
of poisoning swirling under herown timely demise.
Anastasia's death inflicted adeep wound on Ivan, profoundly
impacting his emotionalwell-being and possibly
(13:15):
precipitating a decline in hismental health.
Her loss was not merely apersonal blow but a
destabilizing factor for Ivan'spsyche, altering his demeanor
and approach to rule.
Compounding this hardships, abetrayal within his inner circle
added to Ivan's growingmistrust in the solutionment.
Prince Andrei Kursky, one ofIvan's trusted advisors,
(13:39):
defected to the Lithuanians,assuming command of their forces
and leading a devastatingassault on the Russian region of
Beliki.
Luki.
Kursky's betrayal was a starkmanifestation of the treachery
Ivan feared, reinforcing hisparanoia towards an ability
Faced with challenges within andoutside of Russia.
(14:02):
Ivan saw an opportunity toconsolidate power within himself
once and for all.
In 1564, he retreated fromMoscow and feigned dismay at
being implicated in anembezzlement scandal and
abdicated to Trump.
The boyars, unable to maintainrule in such a chaotic time,
valented and begged him to comeback.
(14:24):
Ivan agreed, but only in onecondition absolute power.
Upon his return, ivan decreedthe creation of Oprishnina.
At its core, the Oprishnina wasa policy of strategic division
(14:45):
within the Russia state, wherebyIvan created a separate
authority under his directcontrol, known as the Oprishnina
, distinct from the rest of thestate, the Semshnina.
This division allowed Ivan towield unrestrained power within
the Oprishnina, enabling him todirectly manage lands, appoint
his officials and deploy hisOprishniki, a fearsome personal
(15:09):
guard dedicated to executing theTsar's will.
The Oprishnina era was marked bya campaign of terror that
included mass repression,widespread confiscation of
property and public executions.
His primary objective was theelimination of any perceived
enemies of the state, which, inIvan's view, predominantly
(15:30):
included the boyar and ability,wealthy merchants and even the
clergy, whom he suspected ofdisloyalty or treason, for the
reasons we discussed before.
Under the guise of rooting outtreason and safeguarding the
state, ivan's Oprishniki carriedout a series of brutal purges,
raising entire towns and regionssuspected of disloyalty.
(15:52):
The most infamous of thesepurges was the massacre of
Novgorod in 1570, which remainsa stark symbol of the
Oprishnina's cruelty.
Ivan became convinced that theprosperous city of Novgorod,
known for its significantauthority and wealth, was
planning to defect to Paul andLithuania, his arch enemy Driven
(16:16):
by Pyronoia and hisdetermination to quash potential
rebellion, ivan ordered hisOprishniki to march on Novgorod.
Upon their arrival, theOprishniki unleashed a campaign
of unfathomable cruelty.
The massacre began with theexecution of leading boyars,
merchants and clergy, whom Ivanviewed as the primary
(16:36):
conspirators, but the violencequickly spiraled out of control,
extending to ordinary citizens.
Men, women and children weresubjected to torture and
execution, with estimates of thedead ranging from several
thousands to tens of thousands,but the exact numbers remain a
matter of historical debate.
The Oprishniki desecratedsacred sites, including churches
(17:01):
, and looted extensively,stripping Novgorod of his
treasures.
The city's renowned SaintSophia Cathedral witnessed
scenes of horror, as many weredrowned in the nearby Volkov
River, a grim testament to thebrutality of the campaign.
The massacre of Novgorod was notjust a military operation but a
(17:22):
deliberate act of terrordesigned to instill fear and
demonstrate the consequences ofopposing Ivan's rule.
It significantly weakenedNovgorod's political and
economic standing, marking theend of its era as a major center
of commerce and autonomy withinRussia.
The tragic event underscoredthe destructive impact of the
(17:43):
Oprishniki policy, revealing thedepth of Ivan's paranoia and
his disregard for human life, inpursuit of absolute control.
The massacre of Novgorod left ascar on the Russian
consciousness, serving as a grimreminder of the tyranny that
characterized Ivan theTerrible's reign.
The Uprishtnina policy not onlyfacilitated Ivan's grip on
(18:12):
power, but also instilled theclimate of fear and suspicion
that permeated Russian society.
It reflected Ivan's deep-seatedparanoia and his relentless
pursuit of absolute control,dramatically altering the
landscape of Russian governanceand setting a precedent for the
use of terror as a state policy.
In sum, the Uprishtnina was apivotal element of Ivan the
(18:36):
Terrible's reign, encapsulatingthis transition from a ruler to
a tyrant Ivan the Terrible'snotorious policy of state terror
and control began to unravel inthe years following the brutal
attack of Novgorov.
Although the Uprishtnina hadbeen an effective tool for Ivan
(18:59):
to exert his authority andsuppress dissent, his
effectiveness and sustainabilitywere put to the test during the
Russo-Krimian War of 1571through 1572.
The Uprishtnina's downfall wasstarkly highlighted during the
Crimean-Canadians invasion in1571, when the Crimean Tatars,
(19:21):
led by Khandevlet the FirstJirei, launched a devastating
raid into Russian territory,culminating in the burning of
Moscow.
The Uprishtniki, despite theirreputation for ruthlessness and
internal purges, provedineffectual against the
organized military might of theTatars.
Their failure to defend theRussian heartland, especially
(19:43):
Moscow, exposed theUprishtnina's limitation as a
defensive force and diminishedtheir standing on both Ivan's
eyes and among the populace.
Recognizing the Uprishtnina'sshortcomings and perhaps
influence by the mountingcriticism and the dire need to
reassess his military strategies, ivan IV made a decisive move
(20:05):
in 1572 to abolish theUprishtnina system.
The significant policy reversalinvolved disbanding the
Uprishtniki, marking the end ofone of the most feared and
despised chapters in Russiangovernance.
The solution of the Uprishtninareflected a tacit
acknowledgment of his failure tosecure the state against
(20:26):
external threats, despite hisinitial intent as a means to
consolidate autocratic power andeliminate opposition.
The abolition of the Uprishtninasystem and the disbandment of
the Uprishtniki did not, however, erase the scars left by the
reign of terror.
The legacy of Uprishtninacontinued to loom large in
(20:48):
Russian history, serving as acautionary tale about the
dangers of unchecked power andthe volatility of autocratic
rule.
The end of the Uprishtnina alsounderscored a pivotal moment in
Ivan's reign, forcing are-evaluation of his methods of
governance and the realizationthat absolute power cannot
(21:08):
compensate for the weaknessinherent in his rule.
But Ivan's vision for Russiaextended beyond his legal system
and state control.
He was a military innovator,after all, establishing the
Streltsy, russia's firststanding army.
This move not only modernizedhis forces, but also provided
(21:30):
Ivan with a means to exert moreauthority directly, bypassing
the boyars who had so often beenthe architects of his early
miseries.
By the mid-1570s.
Having navigated through thetumultuous period of the
Uprishtnina and reasserted hisauthority over the Russian state
, ivan IV shifted his focustowards external expansion.
(21:54):
His strategy pivot marked a newchapter in his reign,
characterized by militarycampaigns and the initiation of
policies aimed at extendingRussia's frontiers.
Simultaneously, ivan initiatedpolicies that laid the
groundwork for the Russianexploration and settlement of
Siberia.
The conquests of Siberia beganin earnest with the Stroganov
(22:16):
families hiring of Cossackleader Yardmak Timofeevich, who
led an expedition that resultedin the defeat of the candidate
of Sevir in 1582.
This moment marked thebeginning of Russia's eastward
expansion, setting the stage forthe eventual establishment of
the Russian control over thevast Siberian territories.
(22:40):
Ivan remained an iron-fistedruler, undeterred in his
ambition to extend Russianinfluence and control.
His reign continued to becharacterized by an autocratic
governance style, where hisabsolute will was imposed upon
the land and its people.
Ivan's military and territorialexpansions were integral to his
vision of a centralized andpowerful Russian state, a legacy
(23:04):
that would have lasting impactson the country's history.
Ivan's expansionist policiesand military campaigns
contributed significantly to theshaping of the Russian Empire,
laying the foundations for itsemergence as a major duration
power.
Ivan sought to enhance Russia'sgeopolitical standing, but also
(23:26):
to cement his own legacy as aruler who significantly
transformed the Russian state.
Under his rule, russia expandedfrom the minor duchy of Moscow
to the early stages of theexpansive land mass we know
today.
Ivan's reign was not without itsattempts at diplomacy and
(23:48):
cultural exchange.
His correspondence with QueenElizabeth I of England speaks to
his ambition to open Russia tothe West, to engage in the trade
and ideas that flourishedbeyond his realm.
Yet the overtures were oftencomplicated by Ivan's own
actions, his internal policiesand the perception of his rule
(24:08):
abroad.
Despite his notorious legacy asa fearsome autocrat, ivan was
also a man of considerableintellectual and artistic depth.
He is credited with composingseveral orthodox hymns and other
works, showcasing hiscontributions to Russia's
cultural and spiritual heritage.
These artistic endeavorshighlight a lesser-known facet
(24:32):
of Ivan's complex personality,revealing his capacity for
creativity and reflection amidstthe tumult of his reign.
Ivan's personal life was astumultuous as his rule.
He married multiple times, withrecords suggested in six or
possibly eight wives throughouthis lifetime, in his quest for
(24:53):
political alliances, heirs andperhaps companionship.
Each marriage unfolded againstthe backdrop of his governance
and personal vendettas,reflecting the intricate
interplay between his publicduties and private desires.
His reign was also marked byhis significant cultural reforms
(25:13):
aimed at enhancing the state'srole in the lives of his
citizens.
Ivan sought not only toconsolidate political and
military power, but also toelevate the cultural and
spiritual stature of his realm.
Through initiatives such as theestablishment of the Moscow
Print Yard in 1553, whichheralded the advent of printed
(25:34):
books in Russia, ivan endeavoredto enrich the intellectual and
religious fabric of Russiansociety.
However, the darker aspects ofIvan's character and the violent
epoch in which he lived wereepitomized by the tragic
incident involving his son, ivanIvanovich.
In a fit of rage, ivan struckhis son with a pointed staff, a
(25:58):
moment of impulse that resultedin the young man's death.
This act of parasite has beenimmortalized in art and
literature, symbolizing theextreme volatility and brutality
of Ivan's temper.
The incident not only cast along shadow over Ivan's legacy,
but also likely exacerbated hispsychological decline, pushing
(26:20):
him further into realm ofparanoia and attachment from
reality.
The death of his son was aturning point for Ivan,
intensifying his isolation andcontributing to a further
deterioration of his mentalstate.
It underscored the perpetualcycle of violence that
characterized his reign andpersonal life, a cycle that Ivan
(26:41):
seemed unable to escape.
Ivan the Terrible's life andrule were defined by the
interweaving of profound crueltyand notable achievements both
in governance and culture.
His contributions to Russianculture and the Orthodox Church,
juxtaposed with his violentoutbursts and oppressive
(27:01):
policies, been a picture of aruler caught between the desire
for greatness and the depths ofpersonal torment.
Ivan's legacy, therefore, is areflection of the complexities
and contradictions inherent inpower and human nature, leaving
a lasting imprint on Russianhistory and the collective
memory of a nation.
On March 28, 1584, the reign ofIvan IV, known as Ivan the
(27:31):
Terrible, came to a quiet andunexpected end.
The first Tsar of all Russia, aruler whose name evoked fear
and awe in equal measure,succumbed to a stroke while
engaged in the cerebral pastimeof playing chess.
The sudden departure marked ananticlimatic close to a rule
that had been anything butordinary, spanning a tumultuous
(27:54):
and violent's written 37 years.
Ivan's death while playingchess, an activity often
associated with strategy andcontemplation, adds an ironic
layer to the legacy of a monarchwhose rule was characterized by
erratic decision-making, brutalreprisals and sweeping reforms.
(28:14):
It underscored theunpredictability of life and the
fragility of power, joined acurtain on an apoc that had
significantly altered the courseof Russian history.
Under Ivan's rule, russiaexpanded its territories,
centralized its governments andlaid the groundwork for the
modern Russian state.
(28:34):
Yet his reign was also marredby episodes of profound cruelty,
such as the Uprushnina and themassacre of Novgorov, which cast
a long shadow over hisachievements.
Ivan's death signified morethan just the end of a reign and
marked the conclusion of achapter in Russian history
dominated by a figure whosepersonality and policies had
(28:58):
shaped the nation.
His 37 years of rule, conductedwith an iron fist, left a
complex legacy a nation that hadgrown stronger and more
centralized, but had a greatcause to its people and its
moral fabric.
In the aftermath of Ivan'spassing, russia faced a period
of uncertainty and transition,the so-called Time of Troubles,
(29:23):
a tumultuous era marked bypolitical instability.
Famine and foreign interventionwould soon follow, challenging
the foundations that Ivan hadlaid.
Despite the controversysurrounding his reign, ivan the
Terrible remains a pivotalfigure in Russian history.
His death not only brought anend to his direct influence, but
(29:44):
also initiated a period ofreflection in the nature of
absolute power, theresponsibilities of rulership
and the enduring impact of oneman's vision for his country.
Ivan's life and rule continuedto be studied, debated and
remembered as a defining periodin the shaping of the Russian
state.
As we reflect on Ivan's legacy,we're left with a complex
(30:09):
portrait of a ruler who was botha visionary and a tyrant.
His efforts to centralize powerand expand Russian territory
had a lasting impact on thenation, setting the stage for
the autocratic Tsars who wouldfollow in his footsteps.
Yet his reign also left deepscars, scars that have shaped
the Russian psyche and itshistorical narrative.
(30:31):
Despite the fear anddestruction that marked his
later years.
Ivan the Forge's impact onRussia was undeniable.
He left behind a state that wasmore centralized, more powerful
and more expansive than the onehe had inherited.
His reforms laid the foundationfor the Russian Empire, and his
conquest opened new horizonsfor Russian expansion.
(30:54):
Yet the legacy of his rule isalso a testament to the dangers
of absolute power and the deepscars he can leave in a nation's
soul.
Today, ivan the Terribleremains a figure of intense
debate and fascination in Russia.
Monuments and films reflect acertain reverence for his role
in building the Russian state.
(31:14):
Even as historians and thepublic grapple with the darker
aspects of his legacy, what isclear is that Ivan the Forth,
for all his contradictions, wasa pivotal figure in the shaping
of Russia, a Tsar who, throughhis reforms, his cruelty and his
ambition, forever changed thetrajectory of a nation.
(31:44):
Thank you for tuning in totoday's episode.
We hope you found our journeythrough the tumultuous reign of
Ivan the Terrible as fascinatingas we did.
Remember.
If you enjoyed this episode,don't hesitate to like, share
and follow our podcast on yourpreferred platform.
Your support helps us bringmore stories from the annals of
history to life.
Stay connected with us beyondthe podcast.
(32:06):
You can find us on Facebook,twitter and Instagram, where we
share additional content,insights and engage with our
community, and if you have anyquestions or suggestions, feel
free to reach out via email.
We love hearing from ourlisteners and are always looking
for ways to make our podcasteven better.
In our next episode, we'llremain in the vast expanse of
(32:26):
Russia, but leap forward in timeto a pivotal moment in the 20th
century.
Join us as we embark on a trainride from Germany into the
heart of the Tsar's empire witha man who would go on to
transform world history, toexplore the life of Vladimir
Ilych Lenin, his revolutionaryvision and how he changed the
(32:47):
shape of Russia and the world.
Until then, keep exploring withus and let's continue to
uncover the stories that haveshaped our world.
Thanks for listening and we'llsee you next time.
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