Wreck of the Ten Sail

It was the biggest shipping disaster in Cayman Islands history -- 10 ships went down together one night in 1794. Why would so many ships be traveling so closely to one another, and how did they all end up in peril? Read the show notes here.

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Episode Transcript

Speaker 1 (00:00):
This episode of Stuff You Missed in History Class is
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web starts with your website. Welcome to Stuff you Missed

(00:23):
in History Class from how Stuff Works dot com. Hello,
and welcome to the podcast I'm crazy Vie Wilson and
I'm so uh late. This winter, you got to go
to the Cayman Islands National Museum in Georgetown, Grand Cayman. Right,

(00:45):
actually been once before because you're a fancy vacation and
the fancy well, I'm a fancy vacationer. But this time
we were trying to vacation both fancily and frugally, which
is why we spent our time in Grand Cayman walking
around and going to the National Museum, which is not
a very expensive place to go if you are in
Grand Caymans. So I had been there once before, but

(01:05):
this time I took Patrick with me. The museum is
in the oldest public building in the Cayman Islands. It's
one of the very few nineteenth century structures still standing
on the islands because they are struck by hurricanes on
a regular basis. Um. While we were there, Patrick mashed
a button on one of the displays and it brought up.

(01:25):
It brought up this video on something called the wreck
of the ten Sale. And we started off being like,
that's a weird name for a ship, which is why
we watched it. And then as we watched this video,
we realized that the ten Sale was not the name
of the ship. It was ten Sale of ships. So
ten ships, a shipwreck of ten ships at once. It

(01:46):
was the biggest shipping disaster in Cayman Islands history. And
so naturally Patrick said, you should do a podcast on this.
So we are thanks to my vacation. So I love
a good vacation discovery too. I have them pretty often
when I'm on vacation. Uh. And this like the last

(02:08):
time I had been um in the museum, there was
nothing like that that really sparked my attention that this way,
but this one did. Uh. So, just so you have
uh some background on the Cayman Islands. These are a
collection of islands in the Caribbeans. South of Cuba and
northwest of Haiti, and they were uninhabited by humans when
Columbus sighted them in fifteen o three after he was

(02:30):
blown off course on his last voyage to the America's
There is no archaeological evidence of any indigenous people living
on these islands, but there certainly were lots and lots
of turtles, so Columbus named them last Tortugas. Later they
were renamed the camean Us, probably after the carib word
for cayman, the alligator like lizard that lives in Central

(02:52):
and South America, and this eventually morphed into being the
Cayman Islands. They are made up of Grand Cayman, Little Cayman,
and Cayman Brock. The Cayman Islands are now famous for
their banking and financial industries and being a place to
squirrel your money offshore to get it away from the taxman,
but until more modern times, the economy was based on

(03:14):
more local industries like rope making, and during the Golden
Age of piracy, they were also a popular haven for pirates,
including Blackbeard. This is what led Prince Philip to say
on a visit to dedicate a monument to this disaster
aren't most of you descended from pirates? Cracks me up.
I love Prince Philip so so the ocean around the

(03:37):
Cayman Islands is just full of shipwrecks. Unlike the larger
Caribbean islands like Haiti, Cuba, or Jamaica, the Caymans are
really flat and low to the ocean, so even in
good weather they can be hard to see from far away.
And they're also surrounded by really treacherous reefs and right
in the middle of a track for major hurricanes. And yet,

(03:58):
in spite of all this danger or and kind of
a non ideal uh topographical situation, during this part of history,
ships traveling back and forth between the Caribbean and Europe
routinely went around the Caymans rather than taking the much
more direct route between Cuba and Hispaniola. That bit of water,
which is known as the Windward Passage, is extremely rough

(04:20):
and very windy. I have been through the Windward Passage
four times. It has made me seasick every time, and
that was in like a great big ship with modern
stabilizing technology. So I cannot really imagine how horrible it
must have been to go through that little stretch between
Cuba and Hispaniola in like a a wooden sailing ship

(04:41):
from the eighteenth century. That sounds terrible me, yeah, probably
a little bit of a tummy twister. Yeah. So instead
of going through the windward passage, they would go the
long way around around the Cayman Islands, which could be
treacherous but okay if you gave it a wide berth,
and then once you got on the other side, gulf
stream would speed the ship along its way. So it

(05:02):
was a farther journey but easier than going through the
windward passage. It did not go so well one night
in sev though, and the story of this particular shipwreck
starts with the French Revolutionary Wars, during which France was
at or with a whole chunk of Europe, including Great Britain,
and along with everything else going on, the warring nation's

(05:25):
navies were naturally taking one another ships as prizes and
trying to protect their own shipping interest by providing naval
escorts for civilian vessels. In see the British Royal Navy
took the French frigate Inconstant as a prize, and after
taking it to Port Royal, Jamaica, the Navy gave it
a new crew and put it back into service as

(05:47):
the Convert, since there was already a ship named in
Constant in the Royal Navy, and the Convert was really
too lightly built to survive heavy heavy combat, so under
Captain John Lawford it was put into service as a scout,
a messenger and also is an escort for merchant convoys.
In January of SEO, the Convert was sent to the

(06:07):
west end of Jamaica to gather up a convoy and
escort it back to England. This convoy was originally scheduled
to leave at the end of January, but it was
postponed a couple of times, first by a request of
the Chief of Magistrates and Merchants, who thought that a
later departure date would be better for the merchant community
as a whole. Then it was delayed a little bit

(06:27):
longer because the winds were very light when they were
trying to set sail and it was not enough to
get the heaviest merchant ships out of the bay. And
when the convoy finally set sail on February six, it
had fifty eight ships and all but three of them
were bound for Europe and those three were going to
various American ports. This sounds like a huge, huge convoy,

(06:48):
but this size really wasn't unusual for a convoy at
this point in history, especially during wartime. Kind of like
a stick together. If you wanted to wait for a
military escort, you pretty much had to go when that
was going to be a aable to you. Lawford's orders
were to set the pace to that of the slowest ship,
and then to keep the convoy together at all costs,
and he did this by ordering all of the merchant

(07:10):
ships to stay behind the convert which would occasionally fire
its guns to warn merchants that started to creep ahead
of it. And under normal circumstances, a ship of this
era leaving Jamaica would pass the Caymans within twenty four hours,
and theoretically that should have been possible even with such
a large convoy. But one of the merchant vessels was
leaky and the convoy had to lie to twice while

(07:33):
it was bailed out, and even though they picked up
speed to try to make better time, when the sun
went down on the seventh they had seen no side
of land. This was a very dark, cloudy night, and
as midnight approached the sailing master, who was named Thomas Popowell,
calculated that they should be safely past the Caymans, with
at least seven leagues between the convoy and the treacherous reefs.

(07:56):
Papowell also suggested that they needed to alter their direction
a little bit to compensate for very northerly winds, so
that they would stay on their course, which was sort
of aimed at the western tip of Cuba, and based
on Papowell's recommendations, Lawford gave the order. Papa Well relieved
him for the night, and he went below. At about

(08:16):
three a m. Two shots were fired from one of
the civilian ships. Papawell went below, he woke La, offered up.
They went back up. Both of them thought that this
was a distress call from one of the ships behind them,
but when Lawford got on deck again, he realized that
several ships had passed the Convert in the night, apparently
without anyone aboard the Convert, realizing the shot had come

(08:38):
from one of the ships that was ahead of them,
not a ship behind them, and at the same time,
someone on watch called that there were breakers ahead. In
Lawton's words, they quote appeared in every direction and I
could not tell from the darkness of the night to
what extent they might run. So, knowing that the breakers
meant they were all in imminent danger, the Convert tried

(08:59):
to take a vase action. This was a really nimble ship.
It was a light and fast French ship, and according
to the captain, they really would have been fine. But
almost immediately Lawford realized that they were on an inevitable
collision course with one of the merchant ships that was
also right next to them. The two ships struck each

(09:19):
other and their crews managed to separate them, but only
for the Convert to then be struck again by the
other ship. And about this same time, Papawell tried to
sound the depth of the water, but as he did,
the Convert ground against the reef. The crew tried to
lighten the frigate by taking down the masts, but the
damage was already done. The bilge was filling up, and

(09:41):
the captain had to give the order to abandon ship.
And before we talk about what happened next, it's exciting
middle of the night shipwreck. Let's take a moment. Yeah,
it's take a moment and talk about a sponsor. Okay,
So it was clear even in the middle of the
night that that multiple ships had wrecked, and they started evacuating,

(10:02):
either with their own boats or with canoes that were
rowed out from the island. So survivors who were in
the water made rafts out of flatsam and jetsam to
try to get to shore, but the going was really rough.
It was the middle of the night, the sea was
extremely choppy, and the wind was blowing right at the reef,
so the ships that had avoided this pile up could
not risk approaching to assist, and sailors from the Convert

(10:25):
who managed to make it into the ship's boats were
picked up by other vessels. About twenty of the Converts
crew decided to wait aboard the disabled ship for rescue
rather than risk the canoe passage to land at night
in the dark. Yeah, I can kind of imagine them
being let you huh, that is not happening. Uh. The
men who made it to shore made huts and tents

(10:45):
from the wreckage and then used the Converts boats to
try to salvage provisions and other equipment, but there was
really not a lot they could do in the middle
of the night. The sharp coral was destroying their ropes
as they were trying to haul things, and the sea
was so rough that even really strong swimmers were having
trouble managing it. When the sun came up, they saw,
in Lawford's words, quote, a most melancholy scene, seven ships

(11:10):
and two brigs on the same reef, with the convert
a very heavy sea running, and the wind blowing directly
on the shore. Those seven ships and two brigs were
the William and Elizabeth, the more Haul, the Ludlow, the Britannia,
the Richard, the Nancy, the Eagle, the Sally, and the Fortune.
The Ludlow was sadly a fine new vessel on her

(11:31):
first voyage, according to an advertisement that had been placed
in Kingston, Jamaica the December before advertising its place in
the convoy and the more Haul so sadly was full
of quote, flour, ham, cheese and potatoes for sale, although
most of the perishables were lost after the wreck. I
feel like we should have a moment of silence for

(11:53):
them and cheese, well, and the potatoes. There's a lot
of casserole it was lost at sea, not to belittle
the loss of the other things, but yeah, even with
the benefit of daylight, the conditions on the water weren't
much better than they had been during the night before.
Rough swells and the constant wind meant that even though
visibility was better, the forty eight undamaged ships in the

(12:16):
convoys still couldn't approach to offer any help. Locals from
the island spent the whole day of February eight in
a canoe based rescue operation, and by the time the
sun went down again, most of the survivors from the
wrecked ships had been brought to shore. Also on the
eight Lawford talked to fishermen into delivering a letter to
the unwrecked ships, instructing them to go westward to Hogsty

(12:38):
Bay on the Lee side of the island, which is
off of Georgetown. The water would be calm there and
they could all basically just wait at anchor for a
new escort. Nine of the ships did this, and the
rest of the convoy continued on unescorted. On the ninth,
Lawford set off from gun Bluff on the east end
of the Grand Cayman, where they were camped, to Georgetown,

(13:00):
planning to send word to the Admiralty and make arrangements
for the conboy. While he was there. This was basically
the opposite end of the island. He arrived on the
eleventh and posted his various letters to sort of give
you an idea of how small Grand Cayman is. He
did this on foot in two days, until you walk
the whole island. On the twelve he was met in
Georgetown with a petition signed by eight residents of Grand

(13:23):
Cayman who were asking for the passengers from the wrecked
vessels to be quote immediately removed from this island as
soon as possible. The huge influx of shipwreck survivors had
the residents pretty much panicked. There were only about nine
hundred people living on the island at this point, and
shipwreck survivors had increased the island's population by more than half,

(13:44):
so at least four hundred people now feel a little crowded,
a little crowded. On top of all that, in the
words of the petitioners, it was quote morally impossible for
the inhabitants to support themselves. This was because of a
huge hurricane had struck the islands the past October, so
it was sort of like we're in dire straight already,

(14:04):
and you guys have just made our population half again
as big we cannot manage this. In response to this petition,
Lawford divvied the survivors up. He sent them to the
ships at Hogstie Bay and wrote letters to their captains
repeating this quote morally impossible language. He begged the captains
to remove their ships immediately, and he also wrote introductory

(14:25):
letters to the Governor of Havanah requesting aid for any
of the ships that should make their way there on
route back to England. Having handed all this correspondence and arrangements,
Lawford then went back to the camp on gun Bluff,
and there he and about twenty of his men carried
out a salvage operation for the next six weeks. In
the end, they were able to get quite a lot
from the wreckage, including sales, rope, tools, ammunition, and artillery swords,

(14:50):
pikes and axes. Nearly everything perishable was lost, though, and
many of the Convert's original French cannons sank to the
sea floor. Only five men from Convert were killed in
the wreck, along with three people on other ships, one
of whom was the master of the Britannia. Several people
died of illness in the wake of the disaster, though
but considering that there were ten ships involved in this shipwreck,

(15:13):
the death toll was remarkably small. All nine of the
ships that had rendezvoused at Hogstey Bay and their newly
increased crew and passengers made it safely back to England.
Two of the others that left previously unescorted, they were
a little less fortunate. One was taken by a French
privateer and another was captured by the French Navy. And

(15:35):
then there are consequences, of course, because this incident had
been so huge and had involved a navy vessel, it
led to a court martial on April one. See The
court martial was held aboard the h M S Success,
which was anchored off Port Royal, Jamaica. Lawford's defense was
that this entire thing would have been completely prevented if

(15:57):
the ships and the convoy had stayed behind the like
they were supposed to from the beginning. He insisted that
had the convert been at the front of the convoy,
it was a nimble enough that it could have evaded
the reef and steered the rest of the convoy away
from it. Even if they had gotten as close to
the reef as they did before wrecking. The first Lieutenant
b Bogue and second Lieutenant William Earnshaw were questioned as well,

(16:22):
asked by the court to give their account of what
had taken place, and each was cross examined by Lawford,
who asked about whether they had seen the master of
the ship used the sextant to figure out their latitude,
whether the signals had been flown to instruct the other
ships to stay behind them, whether they had the fire
shots to warn ships to get back behind them, and
additional questions of a similar nature that the third lieutenant

(16:45):
I also kind of want to say lieutenant every time
because we're talking about English people. Um. The third lieutenant
was also called and sworn, but he had not been
on duty because of an injured arm, so he was excused.
Mr Popplewell was question on the matter of the log book,
which had been found to contain no record of the
distance traveled the day before the wreck. He was also

(17:06):
questioned about his knowledge of the region and the route,
even though it hadn't been in the log. Papowell was
able to tell the court their latitude as of his
last reckoning, and he insisted that the difference in their
position was because of unexpectedly strong currents that had carried
them off course during the night. Then there was a
lot of back and forth questioning on the matter of
the log book commission, and the master's mate and the

(17:29):
midshipmen were called, and Lieutenant bog was called for a
second time, and they were both cross examined, also by
the captain. None of them knew the reason for the
omission and the log but they all had every reason
to believe, according to their statements, that the measurements had
been correct and that the sextant had been accurate. Then

(17:49):
Mr Davy, master of the ship's success, was called and
asked by the court to give the latitude where the
wreck had happened. Lawford cross examined him, asking him how
he found the currents leading north from Jamaica to the
Caymans during his own voyages, and he said he found
them to be very strong and it had put them
off their reckoning by nine or ten leagues. I kind
of I like, you know, a Lawford's kind of like

(18:13):
you you found this to be like extraordinarily strong current,
did you not? We shirted. In the end, Lawford and
his crew were acquitted, and here is the statement on
that quote, The Court, having thoroughly examined into the several
circumstances attending the same, and having maturely and deliberately considered

(18:33):
the whole, is of the opinion that the misfortune was
occasioned by a strong current setting the ships very considerably
to the northward, and they're reckoning. And doth therefore a
judge that the said Captain Lawford, commander of His Majesty's
late ship, the Convert, the officers and the company of
the said ship, be acquitted. And they are hereby acquitted accordingly.

(18:58):
And this incident didn't really effect Lawford's career. He continued
to command ships, and he eventually became an admiral. So
weather and science have dredged up lots of new information
about this two twenty year old shipwreck. Shipwrecks plural of
ten ships uh in the last fourty y or so years.
Coral encrusted cannons started showing up around town on the

(19:19):
east end of Grand Cayman in the nineteen seventies, and
the locals had lots of stories to tell about cannons
in the water where they had played as children. These
weapons all board dates of seventeen eighty one, as well
as French markings. An archaeological survey by the Institute of
Nautical Archaeology in nineteen eighty confirmed that there were six
more large pieces of artillery still in the sand. The

(19:41):
weapons themselves all seemed like they probably came from the
Convert uh it had kept its French artillery when it
had been put into service for Britain, and a study
of the reef line the same year also found evidence
of where the Convert had to run aground. And still more,
in that same year, Hurricane Allen unearthed more wreckage in
that same part of the ocean. There are more than

(20:03):
twenty shipwrecks in the area, and surveys of all of
them pinpointed six that are probably from the wreck of
the Ten sail Ashore Archaeologists found all manner of pottery, shards, glass,
and naval hardware suspected to be from the survivor's camp.
As you recall, they gathered up stuff and built a
camp out of the salvage wreckage, and then they did

(20:24):
their salvage work for about six weeks from there. Field
work into all of this continued for about a decade,
and then correspondence with naval scholars from France confirmed that
the cannons that were there on the seafloor would have
been aboard the Inconstant before it was pressed into English service.
Margaret LEAKR. Denton and archaeologists serving with the Cayman Islands
and National Museum conducted a survey of cannon salvage from

(20:47):
shipwreck sites and followed it up with an extensive underwater
survey of thirty shipwrecks along a three mile stretch of
sea floor near the east end. She identified one site
as the probable convert and a collection of others that
are probably some of the merchant ships. And she found
some other previously unknown shipwreck sites from the nineteenth and
twentieth centuries in the process. So while looking for these

(21:10):
additional history was unearth that happened. And when we were
saying that, you know that the ocean around the Cayman
Islands is full of shipwrecks. Thirty shipwrecks along a three
mile stretch, Yeah, a lot of shipwrecks. That's one of
the reasons why if you go on vacation to the
Cayman Islands, one of the things that will be advertised

(21:30):
is uh like snorkeling and scuba diving in shipwrecks. Glass
bottom boat rides to like a shipwrecks. There's a lot
of shipwrecks are an industry. Shipwreck tourism in addition to
hiding your money from from from taxa, from Texas, Okay.
A couple of legends grew out of this shipwreck and

(21:51):
have persisted until today. One is that in the years
after the wreck of the Tame Sale, fashion completely changed
on island as locals retrieved bolts of identical class from
the wreckage and then used them to make their own clothing.
I love that. I thought you might as have mentioned textiles.
The other legend is that there was a prince or

(22:12):
another dignitary aboard one of the ships, and George the
third declared the islands to be free from taxes and
the conscription out of gratitude. And this is almost certainly
a made up story. Yeah, it's much more likely that
there there were so few people in the Cayman Islands
for so many years that it wasn't They were not
really making any kind of income for a long time.

(22:34):
Probably kind of grew from there. Queen Elizabeth the second
visited the Island and unveiled a commemorative park in anniversary
of the massive shipwreck. And that is the story a
lot of ships, so many ships. Well, and it's one
of those things where it's the wreck of ten Sale,

(22:56):
but there were so many other ships involved. Yeah, because
of the this giant convoy that when you think about
how many people were kind of there at the next point,
all at once while it was going down late in
the night. I got this this book that was put
out by the Cayman Islands National Archive and Cayman Free

(23:17):
Press Um that collects reproductions of all these historical documents
about the wreck. And you can hear Captain Lawford's exasperation
when he's like writing out his his descriptions of what happened,
of like, if only these stupid merchant ships had just
stayed behind me like they were supposed to, instead of

(23:38):
me having two babysit them like a bunch of little children,
none of this would have happened. Well, I also have
a question that's like how did no one notice? I
have that question also, and that was not satisfactorily answered
and any of the research that I did of like
how nobody I feel like Papa Well, maybe should have
taken some blame because wasn't he on Yeah he was happening. Yes,

(24:02):
what was he doing? Maybe he was napping. But even so,
there would have been other people on deck too. That
is the weirdest part of this whole story is like
how at least nine ships got ahead of them and
and wrecked without anyone noticing that anyone was ahead of them.
I mean, it was a dark night, but that does

(24:24):
seem a little. It seems like a lot. That seems
like a lot of ships to pass you in the
night without you noticing. So anyway, wreck of the fan
sale thanks to my vacation. Hey, I also have some
listener mails people share it. This is from Sarah, and
Sarah says, Dear Tracy and Holly. I'm a big fan
of the podcast and have been listening for years, but

(24:45):
have never before written in. I love to listen as
I walked the twenty minutes to the hospital each morning
and back home each evening, as well as on runs
with my dog Watson. I felt compelled to write in
after listening to your fabulous podcast on Elizabeth Blackwell. She's
one of my favorite influential women of history and as
a female medical student. I greatly admire her for her
work for gender equality in the medical profession. Her life

(25:08):
story also resonates with me because I'm also a non
traditional medical student. I was an English major and went
on to obtain my MPH before beginning medical school this
fall at RUSH. I'm also an incident in the Navy
and a recipient of a of an hp SP scholarship.
Luckily for me, Rush Medical College, named after Benjamin Rush,
who is featured in a saw Bones podcast, recruits many

(25:30):
non traditional students. At RUSH, I am one of the
student leaders of the a mw A, the American Women's
Medical Association. So I want to take some time to
remark upon some of your statements regarding the percentage of
female physicians currently in practice. You were correct that about
thirty five to thirty six percent of physicians are currently women. Notably,
this percentage will gradually increase over time as my generation

(25:53):
joins the workforce, because most medical schools now enroll in
equal proportion of men and women. However, I also wanted
to draw attention and to the representation of women in
certain specialties. You commented that you thought the percentage of
women physicians was higher because you see female GPS regularly.
This navy because the percentage actually is higher in primary care.
Women are more represented in non surgical specialties and primary

(26:16):
care as well as O B g y N. She
said has in pre sees of women residents are in
four specialties internal medicine, pediatrics, family practice, and O B
G y N. However, women remain underrepresented at higher levels
of academic medicine and executive positions. And then she cited
her source for this information, which makes me very much

(26:38):
love Sarah. I just love it. She started in English
major that too, like I could not have gone from
that to becoming a medical student. I could not become
a medical student because I have problems with vomit. Source
was from past to present the changing demographics of women
in medicine from AO dot org. So back to the

(26:59):
letter proper. The subject of women and specialties is a
heavily debated topic, as many people argue that these differences
are a disparity, where whereas others speak to differing gender
roles and attributes that drive women to these fields and
not others. I personally believe that women should be granted
every opportunity to pursue the specialty of their choice without
fear of discrimination because of their gender, and that all

(27:22):
physicians should be granted the opportunity to have both meaningful
home lives and pursue their career aspirations. I hope this
email wasn't too long, No, it was not. And then
just be feel free to share if these togethers will
be interested that keep up the good work. Oh and
then also pictures of a puppy. Thank you, Sarah. That's
really cool. It is really cool, and I I I

(27:45):
think I knew the basics of the said that there
are more women in primary care and more women O
B G n's which, of course you the two that
I see most often and now thinking on it, usually
when I've had to see a specialist for some reason,
like when I've had to go to the orthopedist, or
you and I have both had to go to the
sports podiatrist. I was just there Friday and I had

(28:07):
to go to an ophthalmologist. Ones and surgeons are often Yeah,
all of those doctors have been male, and most of
my dentists have been male, but my yeah, generally I
have chosen. I think I've only seen one female dentist. Yeah,
I see lots of female hygienists. That's clearly a gender

(28:28):
there's definitely a balance of gender difference between for sure,
between hygienists and dentists, and also at the orthodonist office,
between the orthodontist and that whatever the technician. The technicians
are so yes, thank you so much for writing, Sarah. Yeah,

(28:48):
it's interesting. I'm sure there have been tons of studies
done on how um gender separation happens across medical fields. Yeah.
If you would like to write to us, you can.
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(29:11):
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about today, you can put the word shipwreck at the
in the search bar at our other website, which is

(29:32):
how stuff works dot com, Or you want to read
about pirates instead, peboard the word pirates in the search bar,
you will find depending on what you put in there.
Taken by the Sea, eleven real real life ship recks,
or how pirates Work. You can do all that and
a lot more at our parent website, how stuff works
dot com for more on this and thousands of other topics.

(29:58):
Is it how stuff works dot com. This episode of
stuff you Missed in History Classes brought to you by
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an online learning company with more than seventy seven thousand
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(30:21):
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